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Definition
Christine de Pizan
Christine de Pizan (also given as Christine de Pisan, l. 1364 - c. 1430) was the first female professional writer of the Middle Ages and the first woman of letters in France. Her best-known works advocated for greater equality and respect...

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Christine de Pizan
From a compendium of Christine de Pizan’s works commissioned in 1413 CE, produced by her scriptorium in Paris. The British Library. Harley 4431, f.259v. Christine de Pizan (also known as Christine de Pisan, l. 1364-1430 CE). was the first...

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Christine de Pizan Presenting Her Book to Queen Isabeau
Detail of a presentation miniature with Christine de Pizan presenting her book to Queen Isabeau of Bavaria. Illuminated miniature from The Book of the Queen (various works by Christine de Pizan), BL Harley 4431., c. 1410-14 CE, British Library...

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Twelve Famous Women of the Middle Ages
Women in the Middle Ages were frequently characterized as second-class citizens by the Church and the patriarchal aristocracy. Women's status was somewhat elevated in the High and Late Middle Ages by the cult of the Virgin Mary and courtly...

Article
The Siege of Acre, 1189-91 CE
The Siege of Acre, located on the northern coast of Israel, was the first major battle of the Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE). The protracted siege by a mixed force of European armies against the Muslim garrison and nearby army of Saladin, the...

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Women in the Middle Ages
The lives of women in the Middle Ages were determined by the Church and the aristocracy. The medieval Church provided the 'big picture' of the meaning of life and one's place while the aristocracy ensured that everyone stayed in their respective...

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Eris at the Wedding of Peleus and Thetis
Discordia (Eris, the goddess of the twist) throws a golden apple for the goddesses present to disturb the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, miniature in Jean Miélot's adaptation of Christine de Pisan, L'Epître d'Othéa (Ms. 9392, fol. 63v.), c...

Interview
Interview: Bodies in the Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, attitudes to the human body were rife with contradictions: Glorified, oppressed, cared for, and chastised. A new temporary exhibition at the Swiss National Museum in Zürich – coveted. cared for. martyred. Bodies in the...

Definition
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc (Jeanne D'Arc, l. c. 1412-1431 CE) was a medieval peasant who, claiming to receive visions from God, turned the tide of the Hundred Years' War in favor of a French victory. She was famously martyrd for standing by her claim of...

Definition
Medieval Literature
Medieval literature is defined broadly as any work written in Latin or the vernacular between c. 476-1500, including philosophy, religious treatises, legal texts, as well as works of the imagination. More narrowly, however, the term applies...