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The Byzantine Empire in the mid-9th century CE
A map of the Byzantine Empire, c. 867 CE.

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Byzantine Empire c. 1180 CE
A map illustrating the Mediterranean in the 12th century and, in purple, the Byzantine Empire c. 1180 CE, during the reign of Manuel I Komnenos.

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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1922 as an empire; 1922-1924 as caliphate only), also referred to as the Ottoman Empire, written in Turkish as Osmanlı Devleti, was a Turkic imperial state that was conceived by and named after Osman (l. 1258-1326...

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Boran & Azarmiduxt: Queens of the Sassanian Empire
Boran (r. 630, 631-632) and Azarmiduxt (r. 630-631) were the only queens of the Sassanian Empire who ruled with the power of absolute monarchs. Daughters of Shahanshah (king of kings) Khosrow II (r. 590-628), Boran and Azarmiduxt, tried to...

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Battles & Conquests Of The Ottoman Empire (1299-1683)
Spanning across three continents and holding dominance over the Black and Mediterranean Seas, the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1922) was a global military superpower between the 15th and 17th centuries. From the point of its inception in 1299...

Definition
John I Tzimiskes
John I Tzimiskes was Byzantine emperor from 969 to 976 CE. Although he took the throne by murdering his predecessor Nikephoros II Phokas, John was a popular emperor. A skilled general and a competent politician, he is known for expanding...

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Byzantine Bowl with Female Figure
This bowl, dating to the 14th-15th century CE, features a stylized figure of a woman. It is glazed on the inside, and partially on the outside. Made in Cyprus. Discovered in Cyprus. Measures 6.4 cm in height and 16.3 cm in diameter. (British...

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Map of Byzantine Constantinople
Topographical map of Constantinople during the Byzantine period. Main map source: R. Janin, Constantinople Byzantine. Developpement urbain et repertoire topographique. Road network and some other details based on Dumbarton Oaks Papers 54...

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The Intervention of the Sabine Women
Painting by Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825), oil on canvas, 1799. On display at the Louvre Museum, Paris, France. The Abduction (or Rape) of the Sabine Women is an episode in the legendary history of Rome, traditionally said to have taken...

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Ten Pioneering Women in Science
Throughout history, women in science have made groundbreaking discoveries, often pushing the boundaries of knowledge despite being overlooked and underrecognized. Many of their contributions have reshaped entire fields, from mathematics and...