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The Macedonian Kingdom at Philip II's Death, c. 336 BCE
This map illustrates the state of the Macedonian Kingdom at the time of Philip II's death in 336 BCE, a powerful and unified state in northern Greece, poised to dominate the ancient world. Through military reform, strategic diplomacy, and...

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Battle of Pydna
The Battle of Pydna in June 168 BCE was a decisive Roman victory that ended the Third Macedonian War and established Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean. The Roman Republic was expanding, enlarging its sphere of influence along...

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Philip II of Rome (Artistic Facial Reconstruction
A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Philip II (r. 247-249 CE) may have looked like. The young emperor was elevated to co-emperor by his father in 247 CE at the age of 10. Based on contemporary and near contemporary descriptions...

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Sir Philip Sidney
Portrait of Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586), Elizabethan poet, soldier, and courtier, oil on canvas by an unknown artist after an original, c. 1576.
National Portrait Gallery, London.

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Philip IV of France
Philip the Fair (r. 1285-1314 CE), Saint-Denis Basilica.

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King John of England & Philip II of France
An illumination from a 14th Century CE manuscript of the "Grandes Chroniques de France", depicting King John of England (r. 1199 - 1216 CE) paying homage to Philip II of France (r. 1180 - 1223 CE). Made in Paris, France c. 1332 - 1350...

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Philip Melanchthon Medal
A medal portraying a German philosopher Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). Copper alloy with warm brown patina, created by Friedrich Hagenauer around 1543.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

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Roman Emperor Philip the Arab
Marble head of Roman Emperor Philip the Arab, from Rome, 244-249 CE. (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen)

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King Philip Meeting with Colonists
King Philip (Metacomet) of the Wampanoags, (1638-1676), meeting colonists, print by S. N. Wood, 1911.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.

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Philip the Arab (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Philip the Arab (r. 244-249 CE) may have looked like. Based on contemporary and near contemporary descriptions, as well as archaeological evidence. Pictured alongside the reconstruction...