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Gustav Mahler
Definition

Gustav Mahler

Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) was an Austrian-Bohemian composer best known for his song-cycles and his grand, sweeping symphonies, which often require expanded orchestras for their full performance. Mahler, a composer of Late-Romantic music and...
Scythian Art
Definition

Scythian Art

Scythian art is best known for its 'animal art.' Flourishing between the 7th and 3rd centuries BCE on the steppe of Central Asia, with echoes of Celtic influence, the Scythians were known for their works in gold. Moreover, with the recent...
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Definition

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

The Greco-Bactrian kingdom refers to several dynasties and probably kingdoms of Greco-Macedonian monarchs who ruled over Bactria from 250 to 130 BCE. Foundation The Greco-Bactrian kingdom appeared in 250 BCE, when the satrap Diodotos...
Map of the Scythian Expanse, c. 700-300 BCE
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Map of the Scythian Expanse, c. 700-300 BCE

The westward expansion of the Scythians (c. 700–300 BCE) illustrates how mobile steppe societies could reshape the political and cultural landscapes of Eurasia without building territorial empires. Originating in the Central Asian steppes...
Scythian Funeral Procession
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Scythian Funeral Procession

Artist's impression of how a Scythian funeral process may have looked like. A typical Scythian burial mound (or kurgan) is visible in the background.
Scythian Women
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Scythian Women

Scythian women garnered leadership roles and a raised level of status in their day, which is perhaps without parallel until recent times. While many female figures rose to pivotal roles in history, their rise was not a reflection of systemic...
The Royal Macedonian Tombs at Vergina
Article

The Royal Macedonian Tombs at Vergina

Excavations at Vergina in northern Greece in the late 1970s CE unearthed a cluster of tombs thought to be the burial site of Philip II (r. 359-336 BCE), the father of Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BCE), with a wife interred in a vaulted...
The Tale of Sinuhe
Article

The Tale of Sinuhe

The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt (2000 BCE – 1700 BCE) saw the start of more formal writing which included religious scripts, administrative notes, and more in-depth fictional writing. One of the most iconic pieces of writing to come out...
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Definition

Iaxartes

The Iaxartes is a river, today-called Syr-Daria, which springs west of the Pamir Mountains in Fergana (in modern Kyrgyzstan), and flows through modern Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan to Lake Aral, covering a distance of 2212 km. In...
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