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Sword Beach
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Sword Beach

Sword Beach was the easternmost beach of the Allied D-Day Normandy landings of 6 June 1944. The 3rd British Infantry Division was given the task of taking the beach while paratroopers and Royal Marine and French Commando units secured the...
Launceston Castle
Image by Mike Searle

Launceston Castle

Launceston Castle in Cornwall, England. It is an example of a motte and bailey castle and was first built in the 11th century CE and added to in subsequent centuries.
The Civilian View of D-Day
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Civilian View of D-Day

The Normandy landings in France, which began on D-Day, 6 June 1944, involved the largest troop movement in history, but in this article, we focus on the view from civilians directly involved in that momentous day when the Allies sought to...
Castle Rising Castle
Image by Elliot Brown

Castle Rising Castle

Castle Rising Castle, Norfolk, England. Originally a mote and bailey castle built by the Normans after 1066 CE, the keep was replaced with stonework in the 12th century CE.
William the Conqueror's March on London
Article by Mark Cartwright

William the Conqueror's March on London

William the Conqueror (r. 1066-1087 CE) was victorious at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066 CE, and Harold Godwinson, King Harold II of England (r. Jan - Oct 1066 CE) was dead. The English throne and kingdom were there for the taking...
Juno Beach
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Juno Beach

Juno Beach was attacked primarily by forces of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division as part of the Allied D-Day Normandy landings of 6 June 1944. The Canadian troops initially suffered heavy casualties since aerial and naval bombardments had...
Tower of London
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Tower of London

The Tower of London is a castle located in London alongside the River Thames which was first built by William the Conqueror from c. 1077 and significantly added to over the centuries. Often referred to in England as simply 'the Tower', it...
Rochester Castle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Rochester Castle

Rochester Castle, located in Kent, England, was first constructed shortly after 1066 CE by the Normans, was converted into stone between 1087 and 1089 CE, and then added to over subsequent centuries, notably between 1127 and 1136 CE, and...
Windsor Castle, Upper Ward
Image by Mike McBey

Windsor Castle, Upper Ward

The Upper Ward of Windsor Castle, England. The castle was first built by William the Conqueror c. 1070 CE and then added to by many monarchs thereafter.
Round Tower, Windsor Castle
Image by Commonwealth Secretariat

Round Tower, Windsor Castle

The Round Tower of Windsor Castle, England. The castle was first built by William the Conqueror c. 1070 CE and then added to by many monarchs thereafter. Today's version of the Round Tower dates to the reign of George IV (r. 1820-1830 CE).?
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