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Minaret of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo. Its helical outer staircase has been influenced by the minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq c. 851

A map showing the 1332-47 CE travels of Ibn Battuta (l. 1304-1368/69 CE) in Egypt. Battuta was a Moroccan explorer from Tangier whose expeditions took him further than any other known traveller of his time and resulted in the work which has...

A map showing the 1325-32 CE travels of Ibn Battuta (l. 1304-1368/69 CE) in Egypt. Battuta was a Moroccan explorer from Tangier whose expeditions took him further than any other known traveler of his time and resulted in the work which has...

An Umayyad silver coin (dirham) issued by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724-743 CE). Made in Damascus, c. 724-743 CE.

A map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's (585 - 642 CE) forces during the Islamic invasion of the Sasanian Empire in 633 CE.

A map showing Khalid ibn al-Walid's (585 - 642 CE) advance from Iraq to Syria in 634 CE, during the Islamic invasion of the Levant.

A calligraphic vector diagram of the name of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (c. 568–c. 653 CE), an uncle of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and progenitor of the Abbasid Dynasty.

Calligraphy of Muslim Arab general Khalid ibn al-Walid's (d. 642 CE) name.

Khaled ibn al-Waleed Mosque, Homs, Syria

Caliphate (“Khilafat” in Arabic) was a semi-religious political system of governance in Islam, in which the territories of the Islamic empire in the Middle East and North Africa and the people within were ruled by a supreme leader called...