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History of Halloween
Halloween is among the oldest traditions in the world as it touches on an essential element of the human condition: the relationship between the living and the dead. The observance evolved from ancient rituals marking the transition from...

Article
The Death of Gilgamesh
The Death of Gilgamesh is a Sumerian poem relating the death and afterlife of the famous hero-king of Uruk, who had become a legendary figure. The piece is dated to before the Ur III Period (2047-1750 BCE), and although its theme informs...

Article
An Ancient Ghost Story: Philinnion & Machates
Ghost stories have existed for thousands of years, often in similar forms and frequently dealing with the same themes, in many of the most ancient cultures. The writer H.P. Lovecraft once wrote, "As may naturally be expected of a form so...

Article
The Daughter of the Sun
The Daughter of the Sun is a Cherokee origin myth explaining how Uktena, the great horned serpent, came to be, as well as why those who die cannot return to life. The story also explains the respect due to the rattlesnake in Cherokee culture...

Article
The Man Who Married the Thunder Sister
The Man Who Married the Thunder Sister is a legend of the Cherokee nation about a young warrior who falls in love with a Thunder Sister and follows her home where he finds nothing is what it seems to be, not even the young woman. The story...

Worksheet/Activity
Halloween Matching Card Game
Here is a little game to introduce Halloween into your social studies class without going off-topic! Instructions and a lesson plan included. Instructions Print the PDF Cut out each of the 8 cards Cut out the parts of the cards that you...

Interview
Interview with Illustrator Flora of Flaroh Illustration
Join World History Encyclopedia as they chat with Flora of Flaroh Illustration, a freelance illustrator who loves to create art inspired by archaeological artefacts and myths. Kelly (WHE): What is your process in creating art based on history...

Image
Egyptian Ba Amulet to Ward Off Evil
Egyptian Ba amulet. The ba was a human-headed bird aspect of the soul, which could speed between earth and the heavens. Gold and stone inlay. 3rd century BCE.
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.

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Egyptian Execration Figure
Egyptian 'Voodoo Doll', Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden.

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Anubis God of Lost Souls
Anubis is the Egyptian god of mummification and the afterlife as well as the patron god of lost souls and the helpless. Modern reproduction.