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Vercingetorix
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Vercingetorix

Vercingetorix (82-46 BCE) was a Gallic chieftain who rallied the tribes of Gaul (modern-day France) to repel the Roman invasion of Julius Caesar in 52 BCE. His name means "Victor of a Hundred Battles" and was not his birth name but a title...
First Triumvirate
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

First Triumvirate

The First Triumvirate of ancient Rome was an uneasy alliance between the three titans Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus which, from 60 BCE until 53 BCE, dominated the politics of the Roman Republic. Alliances have always been a part of history...
Roman Republic at the Beginning of Caesar's Civil War
Image by Stone Chen

Roman Republic at the Beginning of Caesar's Civil War

This map depicts the territories under Julius Caesar and Roman Senate in the wake of the outbreak of Caesar's Civil War in 49 BCE in the Roman Republic. Caesar crossed the Rubicon and marched on Rome while Pompey, supported by the Senate...
Posthumous bust of Caesar
Image by Carole Raddato

Posthumous bust of Caesar

The so-called Green Caesar, a posthumous bust showing Julius Caesar as a statesman dressed in a toga. Being idealised in contrast to earlier Caesar portraits, this portrait was adapted to the taste of the early Imperial Age. (Altes Museum...
Denarius of Julius Caesar with Elephant
Image by Smithsonian National Museum of American History

Denarius of Julius Caesar with Elephant

Silver denarius of Julius Caesar. The coin depicts an elephant stepping on a snake with the legend "CAESAR" written below. The coin may reference his victory at the Battle of Thapsus in 49 BCE, where he defeated Roman and Numidian forces...
Silver Denarius of Caesar
Image by Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt

Silver Denarius of Caesar

A Roman silver coin (denarius) of Gaius Julius Caesar. It was discovered in 1999 when the Antikenmuseum Basel was being extended. 49 BCE. (Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt) Shown as part of the 2023 exhibition Ave Caesar! Romans...
Julius Caesar (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
Image by Arienne King

Julius Caesar (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)

A photorealistic representation of Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) as he may have appeared in life. This reconstruction is based on archaeological evidence including bust, coinage, and descriptions of Julius Caesar in historical accounts. Contemporary...
Cleopatra and Caesar
Image by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904)

Cleopatra and Caesar

Cleopatra Before Caesar by Jean-Léon Gérôme, oil on canvas, 1866. Cleopatra confronts Gaius Julius Caesar after emerging from a roll of carpet. The Egyptian Queen had been driven from the palace in Alexandria by her brother/husband Ptolemy...
Mark Antony's Oration over the Body of Caesar
Image by George Edward Robertson

Mark Antony's Oration over the Body of Caesar

Mark Antony's Oration over the Body of Caesar, oil on canvas by George Edward Robertson, c. 1894–1895. Hartlepool Museums and Heritage Service.
Arsinoë IV
Definition by Arienne King

Arsinoë IV

Arsinoë IV (d. 41 BCE) was a Ptolemaic princess who rebelled against her sister Cleopatra VII during the Alexandrian War in 48 BCE. After being defeated by Cleopatra's ally Julius Caesar, she was a captive in his Roman triumph. Arsinoë later...
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