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Cyrene
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Cyrene

Cyrene (modern-day Shahhat, Libya) was a vital cultural center and port of trade in North Africa founded in 631 BCE by Greek colonists from the island of Thera. The city is best known as the birthplace of the philosopher Aristippus of Cyrene...
Phoenician Colonization
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Phoenician Colonization

The prosperity of Phoenician cities such as Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos was based on trade, and it was the search for new commodities and new markets which resulted in the Phoenicians branching out from the narrow coastal strip of the Levant...
Thugga
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Thugga

Thugga (also Dougga) was a town in North Africa which was first a Numidian and then a Carthaginian settlement before being incorporated into the Roman Empire. The town was built on a strategically favourable limestone hilltop overlooking...
Berbers: Ancient Origins of North African Civilization
Video by Kings and Generals

Berbers: Ancient Origins of North African Civilization

The Kings and Generals animated historical documentary series on the ancient civilizations continues with a video on the Berbers. In this first history video out of two on the ancient origins of the North African civilization, we are going...
The Salt Trade of Ancient West Africa
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Salt Trade of Ancient West Africa

Salt from the Sahara desert was one of the major trade goods of ancient West Africa where very little naturally occurring deposits of the mineral could be found. Transported via camel caravans and by boat along such rivers as the Niger and...
Map of he Taifa Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, 1031-1086
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of he Taifa Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, 1031-1086

This map shows the fractured landscape of al-Andalus following the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. Dozens of independent Muslim-ruled states, called taifas (from the Arabic for "party" or "faction"), rose from the ruins—engaged...
Map of Medieval North Africa, c. 1065
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of Medieval North Africa, c. 1065 - From Desert Tribes to Kingdoms: Power Shifts in the Post-Caliphate Maghreb

This map illustrates the shifting geopolitical landscape of North Africa and the Western Mediterranean in 1065, a pivotal moment marked by fragmentation and the emergence of new powers. As older dynasties weakened, new forces rose across...
Libyan Figure Statue
Image by Guillaume Blanchard

Libyan Figure Statue

An Egyptian statuette representing a Libyan or Berber. Reign of Rameses II (19th Dynasty), 1279–1213 BCE. (Louvre Museum, Paris)
Statue of Kahina
Image by Numide05

Statue of Kahina

Statue of Kahina (l. 7th century, also known as al-Kahina, Dihya al-Kahina, Dahlia, Daya, Dahia-al-Kahina), a Berber (Imazighen) warrior queen and seer who led her people against the Arab invasion of North Africa in the 7th century. Baghai...
Tower of Homage, the Moorish Castle, Gibraltar
Image by James Cridland

Tower of Homage, the Moorish Castle, Gibraltar

The Moorish Castle's Tower of Homage, built in the 8th Century CE. The "Moorish Castle" was built by the Berber Marinid Dynasty, and is a symbol of Muslim rule in Medieval Spain. The Tower of Homage is the tallest to be constructed during...
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