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Cyrene
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Cyrene

Cyrene (modern-day Shahhat, Libya) was a vital cultural center and port of trade in North Africa founded in 631 BCE by Greek colonists from the island of Thera. The city is best known as the birthplace of the philosopher Aristippus of Cyrene...
Phoenician Colonization
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Phoenician Colonization

The prosperity of Phoenician cities such as Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos was based on trade, and it was the search for new commodities and new markets which resulted in the Phoenicians branching out from the narrow coastal strip of the Levant...
Thugga
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Thugga

Thugga (also Dougga) was a town in North Africa which was first a Numidian and then a Carthaginian settlement before being incorporated into the Roman Empire. The town was built on a strategically favourable limestone hilltop overlooking...
Berbers: Ancient Origins of North African Civilization
Video by Kings and Generals

Berbers: Ancient Origins of North African Civilization

The Kings and Generals animated historical documentary series on the ancient civilizations continues with a video on the Berbers. In this first history video out of two on the ancient origins of the North African civilization, we are going...
Map of Medieval North Africa, c. 1065
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of Medieval North Africa, c. 1065 - From Desert Tribes to Kingdoms: Power Shifts in the Post-Caliphate Maghreb

This map illustrates the shifting geopolitical landscape of North Africa and the Western Mediterranean in 1065, a pivotal moment marked by fragmentation and the emergence of new powers. As older dynasties weakened, new forces rose across...
The Taifa Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, 1031-1086
Image by Simeon Netchev

The Taifa Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, 1031-1086

This map shows the fractured landscape of al-Andalus following the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. Dozens of independent Muslim-ruled states, called taifas (from the Arabic for "party" or "faction"), rose from the ruins—engaged...
Statue of Kahina
Image by Numide05

Statue of Kahina

Statue of Kahina (l. 7th century, also known as al-Kahina, Dihya al-Kahina, Dahlia, Daya, Dahia-al-Kahina), a Berber (Imazighen) warrior queen and seer who led her people against the Arab invasion of North Africa in the 7th century. Baghai...
Libyan Figure Statue
Image by Guillaume Blanchard

Libyan Figure Statue

An Egyptian statuette representing a Libyan or Berber. Reign of Rameses II (19th Dynasty), 1279–1213 BCE. (Louvre Museum, Paris)
Masaesyli in Battle
Image by The Creative Assembly

Masaesyli in Battle

An artist's impression of the Masaesyli tribe in battle. The Masaesyli were the original inhabitants of the western part of the North African Berber kingdom of Numidia (202-40 BCE). (From the PC game Total War: Rome II - Desert Kingdoms by...
Ancient Desert Warfare
Image by The Creative Assembly

Ancient Desert Warfare

An artist's impression of ancient desert warfare in northern Africa, in this case depicting the Kushite army doing battle with the Masaesyli. The kingdom of Kush, situated in northern Africa, flourished between c. 1069 BCE and 350 CE, while...
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