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Akkad and the Akkadian Empire
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Akkad and the Akkadian Empire

Akkad was the seat of the Akkadian Empire (2334-2218 BCE), the first multi-national political entity in the world, founded by Sargon the Great (r. 2334-2279 BCE) who unified Mesopotamia under his rule and set the model for later Mesopotamian...
Mesopotamian Literature
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Literature

Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed c. 2600 BCE after scribes, who had formerly been record keepers, began composing original works in the region of Sumer. The Sumerians invented writing c. 3500 BCE, refined the script c. 3200 BCE...
The Mesopotamian Pantheon
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Mesopotamian Pantheon

The gods of the Mesopotamian region were not uniform in name, power, provenance or status in the hierarchy. Mesopotamian culture varied from region to region and, because of this, Marduk should not be regarded as King of the Gods in the same...
Sargon of Akkad
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Sargon of Akkad

Sargon of Akkad (r. 2334 - 2279 BCE) was the king of the Akkadian Empire of Mesopotamia, the first multi-national empire in history, who united the disparate kingdoms of the region under a central authority. He is equally famous today as...
Akkadian Stele of Ilšu-rabi from Tell Abu Sheeja
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Akkadian Stele of Ilšu-rabi from Tell Abu Sheeja

The stele was found at Tell Abu Sheeja, north of modern-day Amarah city, Maysan Governorate, Iraq. The Old Akkadian cuneiform inscription on the left side of the viewer mentions the name of the city of Pašime. Pašime lies western to the ancient...
Akkadian Ruler
Image by Sumerophile

Akkadian Ruler

Bronze head of an Akkadian ruler, probably Sargon the Great, c. 23rd - 22nd century BCE.
Mt. Darbandi Bilula's Akkadian Rock Relief, Mesopotamia, Iraq
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Mt. Darbandi Bilula's Akkadian Rock Relief, Mesopotamia, Iraq

This rock relief dates back to the Akkadian era. It lies on the cliff of Mt. Darbadi Bilula, Hori and Shekhan area, Sulaimaniya, near the Iranian border, Iraq. Circa 2100 BCE. It features a victorious man with two captives before him; one...
Mesopotamian Government
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Government

Ancient Mesopotamian government was based on the understanding that human beings were created to help and serve the gods. The high priest, king, assembly of elders, governors, and any other officials were recognized as stewards chosen by...
Akkadian Soldier on Naram-Sin Victory Stele from Wasit
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Akkadian Soldier on Naram-Sin Victory Stele from Wasit

This alabaster stele (with different registers) was fragmented when originally found and only three fragments have survived; two are in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad and one is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, USA. The stele commemorates...
Gutians
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Gutians

The Gutians were a West Asiatic people who are thought to have lived around the Zagros Mountains in a region referred to as Gutium. They had no written language and all that is known of them comes from their enemies, including the Akkadians...
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