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US Presidential Election of 1796
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

US Presidential Election of 1796

The US presidential election of 1796 was the first contested presidential election in the history of the United States. John Adams, the candidate of the Federalist Party, won the presidency, defeating his rival, Thomas Jefferson, candidate...
Webster-Hayne Debate
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Webster-Hayne Debate

The Webster-Hayne debate was a series of back-and-forth speeches between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina in January 1830. What started as a debate over the sale of western lands blossomed...
Priest Swearing Allegiance to the French State
Image by Luis Fernández García

Priest Swearing Allegiance to the French State

A detail of a plate commemorating the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy showing a priest swearing allegiance to the French state. The text translates as "I swear to maintain with all my power the Constitution". (Musée Carnavalet, Paris)
Buddhism in Ancient Japan
Article by Mark Cartwright

Buddhism in Ancient Japan

Buddhism was introduced to ancient Japan via Korea in the 6th century CE with various sects following in subsequent centuries via China. It was readily accepted by both the elite and ordinary populace because it confirmed the political and...
Tyrants of Greece
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Tyrants of Greece

Tyrannies existed across the Greek world from the city-states to the islands of Sicily and Samos. Most historians date the Great Age of Greek Tyranny from 750 to 500 BCE, ending with the ousting of Hippias; however, some authors extend the...
Ten North American Native Facts You Need To Know
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten North American Native Facts You Need To Know

The history and culture of the Native Peoples of North America are often overlooked as they have been largely eclipsed by the history of the European settlers who colonized the region beginning in the 17th century. The original inhabitants...
Julius Caesar: The Faults Behind the Myth
Article by Marc Hyden

Julius Caesar: The Faults Behind the Myth

Last March marked the anniversary of Julius Caesar's assassination over 2,000 years ago, and after two millennia, his legendary achievements still linger in today's consciousness just as they have for centuries. He was so revered that in...
Why Poland-Lithuania Disappeared
Article by Isaac Toman Grief

Why Poland-Lithuania Disappeared

The Polish-Lithuanian Republic (1569-1795) was one of the largest and most populous states in Early Modern Europe, yet in 1795, its last remnants were partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Here we take a look at the reasons why...
The Prisoner of Olmütz
Article by Harrison W. Mark

The Prisoner of Olmütz - Lafayette's Imprisonment During the French Revolution

"Outlawed in my own land for having served her with courage," the Marquis de Lafayette wrote to his wife, Adrienne, "I have been forced to flee into enemy territory from France, which I defended with so much love. To the very last minute...
Athenian Democracy
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Athenian Democracy

Athenian democracy refers to the system of democratic government used in Athens, Greece from the 5th to 4th century BCE. Under this system, all male citizens - the dēmos - had equal political rights, freedom of speech, and the opportunity...
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