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1453: The Fall of Constantinople
Article by Mark Cartwright

1453: The Fall of Constantinople

The city of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was founded by Roman emperor Constantine I in 324 CE and it acted as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire as it has later become known, for well over 1,000 years. Although...
The Armies of the Crusades
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Armies of the Crusades

The armies of the Crusades (11th-15th centuries CE), which saw Christians and Muslims struggle for control of territories in the Middle East and elsewhere, could involve over 100,000 men on either side who came from all over Europe to form...
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of Stamford Bridge

The Battle of Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire, England on 25 September 1066 CE saw an army led by English king Harold II (r. Jan-Oct 1066 CE) defeat an invading force led by Harald Hardrada, king of Norway (r. 1046-1066 CE). Hardrada, aided...
The Nerge: Hunting in the Mongol Empire
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Nerge: Hunting in the Mongol Empire

The peoples of the Mongol Empire (1206-1368 CE) were nomadic, and they relied on hunting wild game as a valuable source of protein. The Asian steppe is a desolate, windy, and often bitterly cold environment, but for those Mongols with sufficient...
Byzantine-Armenian Relations
Article by Mark Cartwright

Byzantine-Armenian Relations

The relationship between the Byzantine Empire and ancient Armenia was a constant and varied one with an equal mix of wars, occupations, treaties of friendship, mutual military aid, and cultural exchange. Regarded as a vital defence to the...
Map of the Mongol Empire: Conquests of Genghis Khan 1206-27
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Mongol Empire: Conquests of Genghis Khan 1206-27 - From tribal unification to imperial rule across Eurasia

The rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century represents one of the most dramatic episodes of conquest in world history. Under Temüjin, known as Genghis Khan (born c. 1162, reigned 1206–1227), the fragmented nomadic societies...
Map of the Four Khanates of the Mongol Empire, c. 1300
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Four Khanates of the Mongol Empire, c. 1300

This map illustrates the four major khanates that emerged from the Mongol Empire in the early 14th century, following the fragmentation of the vast domain once ruled by Genghis Khan (circa 1162 to 1227, reign 1206 to 1227). Although no longer...
Varangian Trade Routes
Image by Briangotts

Varangian Trade Routes

Map showing Varangian trade routes. Red: Volga trade route Purple: trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks Orange: Other trade routes of the 8th-11th centuries
The History of Europe: Every Year
Video by Cottereau

The History of Europe: Every Year

This video shows the borders and populations of each country in Europe, for every year since 400 BC. Vassal states and colonies are not included in the count of a country's population. Sources : 1. Population : - Angus Maddison...
The Saint Sophia Cathedral | Kyiv's Architecture: History And Myth
Video by UATV English

The Saint Sophia Cathedral | Kyiv's Architecture: History And Myth

We continue our architectural series with a story about one of Kyiv's most breath-catching sights. The Saint Sophia Cathedral. A UNESCO world heritage sight, the church complex held its first service around a millenium ago. _ Subscribe...
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