Pope Urban II: Did you mean...?

Henry VIII of England ruled as king from 1509 to 1547. The second Tudor king after his father Henry VII of England (r. 1485-1509), Henry had inherited a kingdom which enjoyed both unity and sound finances. Famous for his six...

Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York (l. c. 1473-1530 CE) served as Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) from around 1513 CE to 1529 CE. Wolsey rose to become the most powerful man in England after the...

A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.

Wax effigy of Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015-1085). Cathedral of Salerno, Italy.

Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303 CE). Statue by Arnolfo di Cambio, c. 1298 CE. Museo dell'Opera, Florence.

Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054), illustration from an illuminated manuscript, 11th century.

Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085) is proclaimed Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily by Pope Nicholas II, illustration from the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, 14th century.

Portrait of Pope Pius VII, oil on panel by Jacques-Louis David, 1805. Louvre Museum, Paris.

Stained glass window of Pope Gregory VII (1015-1085) at the Pitigliano Cathedral, Italy.

Stained glass window in York Minster depicting Pope Celestine III (1191-1198 CE)