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Fish-salting and garum-manufacturing workshops in Lixus (modern-day Morocco). The complex had 23 closely-spaced vats (cetariae) and functioned from 40/60 CE to the early 6th century CE. The factory had a salting capacity of over one million...

The Forum of Sala Colonia (modern-day Rabat in Morocco) was a trapezoidal structure paved with large blue limestone slabs. Built during the reign of Trajan (r. 98-117 CE), this public square was closed by two monumental gates. Bases of honorary...

The ksar (or fortified village) of Aït Benhaddou in Ouarzazate Province, Morocco, is an example of pre-Saharan earthen construction techniques. While these techniques are ancient, the oldest currently standing structures date to the 17th...

The small amphitheatre at Lixus, modern-day Morocco, had a semicircular cavea (seating section) designed to house theatrical plays and gladiatorial combats.

The ksar (or fortified village) of Aït Benhaddou in Ouarzazate Province, Morocco, is an example of pre-Saharan earthen construction techniques. While these techniques are ancient, the oldest currently standing structures date to the 17th...

A villa complex at Lixus on the Atlantic coast (modern-day Morocco) from the time of Juba II (c. 48 BCE to 23 CE), the ruler of Mauretania. The palace-like residence was approximately 7,000 square metres with a long portico, a triclinium...

The trapezoidal paved forum (37 x 34 m) of Banasa (also Iulia Valentia Banasa), an ancient city of the province of Mauretania Tingitana (modern-day Morocco). The forum was lined by porticoes and flanked to the north by a rectangular basilica...

The Mali Empire (1240-1645) of West Africa was founded by Sundiata Keita (r. 1230-1255) following his victory over the kingdom of Sosso (c. 1180-1235). Sundiata's centralised government, diplomacy and well-trained army permitted a massive...

The Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1922 as an empire; 1922-1924 as caliphate only), also referred to as the Ottoman Empire, written in Turkish as Osmanlı Devleti, was a Turkic imperial state that was conceived by and named after Osman (l. 1258-1326...

Mansa Musa I was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa from 1312 to 1337. Controlling territories rich in gold and copper, and monopolising trade between the north and interior of the continent, Mali grew extremely wealthy. Mansa Musa...