Joseph Stalin: Did you mean...?

An 1888 oil on canvas portrait, Joseph Roulin Sitting on a Chair, by Vincent van Gogh (1853-90), the Dutch post-impressionist artist. Painted in August in Arles, France. Roulin was the artist's local postman, and the two became good friends...

Joseph Wanton Morrison, famous for commanding the British and Canadian forces at the Battle of Crysler's Farm (11 November 1813) during the War of 1812. Oil on canvas by an unknown artist, c. 1821. McCord Stewart Museum, Montreal.

Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, also known as Philippe Égalité (1747-1793), oil on canvas portrait by Antoine-François Callet, c. late 18th century. Palace of Versailles.

The Munich Agreement, signed on 30 September 1938 at the Munich Conference attended by the leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, handed over the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia to Germany in the hope that this act of appeasement would...

The New Economic Policy (NEP) of Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), leader of Soviet Russia, was the introduction in 1921 of a limited form of capitalism in light industry and agriculture. Contrary to Marxist economic ideas, the NEP was viewed as...

The Battle of Smolensk in August to September 1943 was the second time the Soviet Union and the Third Reich fought over the city on the Dnieper during the Second World War (1939-45). By the summer of 1943, the plan by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945...

The Peninsular War (1807-1814), also known as the War of Spanish Independence, was a major conflict of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) that was waged in the Iberian Peninsula by Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom against the invading...

Marie Antoinette (l. 1755-1793) was the queen of France during the turbulent final years of the Ancien Régime and the subsequent French Revolution (1789-1799). With the ascension of her husband Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792), she became...

The origins of the Second World War (1939-45) may be traced back to the harsh peace settlement of the First World War (1914-18) and the economic crisis of the 1930s, while more immediate causes were the aggressive invasions of their neighbours...

The policy of appeasement towards the demands of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) regarding Nazi Germany's territorial expansion ultimately failed when the Second World War (1939-45) began. The reasons appeasement was adopted by Britain and France...