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Operation Gomorrah
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Operation Gomorrah - The 1943 Bombing of Hamburg

Operation Gomorrah (aka the Battle of Hamburg or Hamburg Air Offensive) was a sustained area bombing campaign of the German port of Hamburg in four night attacks by the Royal Air Force and two daytime attacks by the United States Air Force...
Herculaneum
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Herculaneum

Herculaneum, located on the Bay of Naples, was a Roman town which was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. Like its neighbour Pompeii, the town was perfectly preserved by a metres-thick layer of volcanic ash which, in the...
Tehran Conference
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Tehran Conference - The Debate on How the Allies Should Win WWII

The Tehran Conference, code-named Eureka, was a meeting, in November-December 1943, of 'the Big Three' Allied leaders: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill. The conference in Iran aimed to decide how the Second World War (1939-45) against Germany...
Japanese Castles
Article by Graham Squires

Japanese Castles

Fortifications of one kind or another had been used in Japan since ancient times, but in the period from 1576 until 1639, a new and distinctive style of castle was constructed. Rather than being used for fighting, these were impressive structures...
The Bombing of Dresden in 1945
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Bombing of Dresden in 1945

The bomber raid on Dresden was a controversial and highly destructive combined operation by Royal Air Force Lancaster bombers and United States Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress bombers on 13, 14, and 15 February and 2 March 1945. The raid was...
The Thousand-bomber Raid on Cologne in 1942
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Thousand-bomber Raid on Cologne in 1942

Cologne (Köln) was the first German city to experience a "1,000-bomber raid" by the Royal Air Force during the Second World War (1939-45). The attack took place on the night of 30 May 1942 and was planned as a demonstration of the destruction...
The Bombing of Berlin
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Bombing of Berlin

The bombing of Berlin, aka the Berlin Air Offensive or Battle of Berlin (Air), was a sustained bombing campaign on the German capital by the British Royal Air Force and United States Air Force from November 1943 until March 1944. The objective...
Five-storey Pagoda, Itsukushima Shrine
Image by xiquinhosilva

Five-storey Pagoda, Itsukushima Shrine

The five-storey pagoda of the Shinto Itsukushima Shrine, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The shrine was first built in the 6th century CE and greatly expanded in 1168 CE by Taira no Kiyomori (1118-1181 CE).
Torri, Itsukushima Shrine
Image by Oriolus

Torri, Itsukushima Shrine

The Torri at the Itsukushima Shrine, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.
Itsukushima Shrine
Image by C.K. Tse

Itsukushima Shrine

A view of the torri and stilted buildings at the Itsukushima Shrine, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Traditionally founded in the 6th century Ce but extensively remodelled in the 12th century CE.
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