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The Tughlaq dynasty (also spelt Tughluq), ruled the Delhi sultanate from 1320 to 1413. Followed by the Khalji dynasty and preceded by the Sayyids, the Tughlaq dynasty formed an important period in the history and culture of the Sultanate...

Silver dirham from the reign of Umar II (r. 717 - 720 CE). Minted c. 718/719 CE. Basra, Iraq.

Arabic calligraphy with the name of Fatimah bint Muhammad (l. 615-632 CE), a daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (l. 570-632 CE).

A photo of Al-Masjid An-Nabawi in Medina, Arabia. It shows a view of the mosque from the south, with the minaret of Bab al-Baqi and the Green Dome to the right (foreground) and the minaret of Bab as-Salam to the left (foreground). The mosque...

An Umayyad silver coin (dirham) issued by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724-743 CE). Made in Damascus, c. 724-743 CE.

Silk damask flag from Istanbul, dated 1810–1811 CE; it depicts the zulfiqar, Caliph Ali's (r. 656-661 CE) two-pronged sword.

An adapted version of the calligraphic pane of Husayn ibn Ali in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul.

West Africa was one of the world's greatest producers of gold in the Middle Ages. Trade in the metal went back to antiquity but when the camel caravans of the Sahara linked North Africa to the savannah interior, the trade really took off...

The land of ancient Egypt was alive with the spirit of the gods. The sun god Ra broke from the darkness every morning in his great boat, bringing the light, and many of the gods watched over the people by night as the stars. Osiris caused...

A vision of the afterlife is articulated by every culture, ancient or modern, in an effort to answer the question of what happens after death. Ancient Persia had the same interest in this as any culture of the past or in the present day and...