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Ancient Egyptian Symbols
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Egyptian Symbols

Religion in ancient Egypt was fully integrated into the people's daily lives. The gods were present at one's birth, throughout one's life, in the transition from earthly life to the eternal, and continued their care for the soul in the afterlife...
Norse-Viking Symbols & Meanings
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Norse-Viking Symbols & Meanings

A symbol is an image or object which represents an abstract concept, often having to do with one's religious beliefs. Every civilization, from the most ancient to the present, has made use of symbols to make the abstract concrete and visible...
The Egyptian Amulet: Pious Symbols of Spiritual Life
Article by P. DeMola

The Egyptian Amulet: Pious Symbols of Spiritual Life

Material Objects & Cultures Material objects convey volumes about the people who possessed them. Cultures and societies in every generation are in part classified - either correctly or incorrectly - by the objects or symbols they select...
Phaistos Disk
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Phaistos Disk

The Phaistos disk is a fired clay disk, probably of Minoan origin, measuring some 16cm in diameter and impressed on both sides with 242 symbols set in a spiral arrangement. As yet, this unique archaeological find remains an undeciphered enigma...
Christian Symbols in Surb Astvatsatsin Church at Noravank
Image by James Blake Wiener

Christian Symbols in Surb Astvatsatsin Church at Noravank

This picture shows several Armenian Christian symbols, which decorate the ceiling of the medieval Surb Astvatsatsin Church at Noravank Monastery in present-day Armenia.
A Roman Trail in the Moselle Valley
Article by Carole Raddato

A Roman Trail in the Moselle Valley

The Moselle Valley is Germany's oldest winegrowing region. The Romans brought viticulture to this area and planted vines along the Moselle River 2000 years ago. After settling the region c. 50 BCE and establishing the city of Trier (Augusta...
Ancient Egyptian Writing
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Egyptian Writing

Ancient Egyptian writing is known as hieroglyphics ('sacred carvings') and developed at some point prior to the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150 -2613 BCE). According to some scholars, the concept of the written word was first developed in...
Roman Army
Definition by James Lloyd

Roman Army

The Roman army, famed for its discipline, organisation, and innovation in both weapons and tactics, allowed Rome to build and defend a huge empire which for centuries would dominate the Mediterranean world and beyond. Overview The Roman...
Roman Warfare
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Roman Warfare

Roman warfare was remarkably successful over many centuries and across many territories. This was due to several important factors. Italy was a peninsula not easily attacked, there was a huge pool of fighting men to draw upon, a disciplined...
Roman Literature
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Roman Literature

The Roman Empire and its predecessor the Roman Republic produced an abundance of celebrated literature; poetry, comedies, dramas, histories, and philosophical tracts; the Romans avoided tragedies. Much of it survives to this day. However...
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