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Definition
State of Nature
The state of nature is an idea which became especially popular with certain philosophers during the Enlightenment, notably Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), John Locke (1632-1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). It refers to a state of existence...

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France’s 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State
The 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State was enacted as the climax of decades of conflict between monarchists and anticlerical Republicans who viewed Christianity as a permanent obstacle to the social development of the Republic. The...

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Notes on the State of Virginia
Notes on the State of Virginia (1785) is the only full-length work by Thomas Jefferson (l. 1743-1826) published in his lifetime and was written in response to questions from France regarding the thirteen states that formed the United States...

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The Dreyfus Affair & the Separation of Church and State in France
The Dreyfus Affair, or L'Affaire as it has become known, demonstrated the competing forces at work to either reestablish the monarchy and the Church in power or to solidify and advance the unfulfilled ideals of the 1789 French Revolution...

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Murder of the Princes in the Tower
"Murder of the Princes in the Tower" by James Northcote (1746 - 1831 CE). A dramatic depiction of the murder of Edward V of England (1470-1483 CE) and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York (1473 -1483 CE), in 1483 CE. Made 1786 CE. Oil...

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The Murder by Cézanne
A c. 1867 painting in oils, The Murder, by Paul Cézanne (1839-1906), the French Post-Impressionist artist. This dramatic scene of two men about to murder a third figure shows the influence of Spanish painting on the artist. The awfulness...

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The Murder of Zwingli
The Murder of Zwingli by Karl Jauslin (l. 1842-1904) depicting the death of the Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531) at the Battle of Kappel in October 1531.

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American Invasion of Quebec
The American invasion of Quebec (September 1775-June 1776) was a military campaign undertaken during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Hoping to induce the Province of Quebec to join the rebellion, the Second Continental Congress...

Definition
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), or the American War of Independence, was a conflict between Great Britain and its 13 North American colonies, who declared independence as the United States of America. Initially a rebellion within...

Definition
American Revolution
The American Revolution (1765-1789) was a period of political upheaval in the Thirteen Colonies of British North America. Initially a protest over parliamentary taxes, it blossomed into a rebellion and led, ultimately, to the birth of the...