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Unopened Clay Tablet Envelope from Kultepe
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Unopened Clay Tablet Envelope from Kultepe

The cuneiform text on the center of this unopened envelop narrates a loan of silver to a husband and wife. The envelop is marked by rings and cylinder seals used by the diverse community at the city of Kultepe...
Kültepe Ruins
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Kültepe Ruins

Kültepe, formerly known as Kanesh and Karum, was part of the network of trading settlements established in central Anatolia by Assyrian merchants from Ashur (northern Mesopotamia) in the early 2nd millennium BCE. This period was...
Five Key Historical Sites of the Hittites
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Five Key Historical Sites of the Hittites

Although mentioned several times in the Biblical texts, the actual existence of the Hittites was largely forgotten until the late 19th century CE. With the discovery of Hattusa in 1834 CE, the city that was...
Assyria
Definition

Assyria

Assyria was the region located in the ancient Near East which, under the Neo-Assyrian Empire, reached from Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) through Asia Minor (modern Turkey) and down through Egypt. The empire began modestly at the city...
Map of Tthe Ancient Near East c. 1700 BCE
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Map of Tthe Ancient Near East c. 1700 BCE - The Old Assyrian Empire - between cities and kingdoms

Around c. 1700 BCE, the Ancient Near East was a politically fragmented but highly interconnected region, shaped by shifting alliances, commercial networks, and emerging...
Cuneiform Clay Tablets from Kanesh
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Cuneiform Clay Tablets from Kanesh

Clay tablets with cuneiform letters found at Kültepe in central Turkey (ancient Kanesh), 1900 BCE – 1700 BCE. They were all written by merchants who, from around 1900 BCE, had come to Kanesh from the city of Ashur...
Karum Ruins
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Karum Ruins

The ruins of Karum (known today at Kültepe in central Turkey), the capital trading centre of the Assyrian merchants in Anatolia in the first quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE. This period was called the “Assyrian Trading Colonies...
Ruins of Kanesh
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Ruins of Kanesh

The ruins of Warsama’s palace, King of Kanesh, at Kültepe in central Turkey, the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Kanesh and centre of a complex network of Assyrian trade colonies in the 2nd millennium BCE. The palace is one...
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