--- title: 古罗马 author: Joshua J. Mark translator: Claude He source: https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-68/ format: machine-readable-alternate license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) updated: 2024-07-22 --- # 古罗马 _作者： [Joshua J. Mark](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/JPryst/)_ _译者： [Claude He](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/claudehe)_ [](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-22386/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/2-2409/)根据传说，古罗马城是由半人半神的两位兄弟，罗慕路斯（Romulus）和雷穆斯（Remus）在公元前753年4月21日建立的。根据传说，因为一场对于谁将统治这里（另一个版本中，争执的对象是城市应建于何处）的争执，罗慕路斯杀死了雷穆斯，并以自己的名字命名了这座城市。虽然还有其他故事版本，但这是最著名的罗马建城传说。 还有一些传说称，这座城市是以一个名叫“罗玛”（Roma）的女人而命名的。当特洛伊城陷落后，她和埃涅阿斯（Aeneas）以及其他特洛伊城的幸存者一同乘船流亡。当他们在台伯河畔登陆后，男人们还想继续前行，但罗玛和其他女人并不同意。在罗玛带领下，女人们烧毁了船只，让这些特洛伊的幸存的者们别无选择，不得不滞留在这个日后被称为罗马的地方。特洛伊的埃涅阿斯在这段传说中也曾出现，并且，在维吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》中，他是罗马的创立者，也是罗慕路斯与雷穆斯的祖先，从而将罗马与曾经辉煌的特洛伊联系在一起。 关于这座著名的城市，还有一些理论认为，它的名字来自“鲁蒙”（Rumon），这是台伯河的一处古老地名，最初只是为了命名岸边一座小型贸易中心。或者这个名字也可能来自伊特鲁里亚语，是当时的一个定居点。 ### 早期罗马 起初，罗马只是台伯河畔的一个小镇，但通过贸易，它迅速扩大规模并增强了实力。城市的地理位置为商人们提供了一条易于航行的水道，便于货物的流通。罗马在成长过程中不断壮大，影响力不断增加，共经历了七位国王的统治，从罗慕路斯直到塔克文。希腊文化和文明通过南部的殖民地影响了罗马，为早期的罗马人提供了构建自身文化特征的样板。从希腊人那里，罗马人不仅借鉴了读书写字能力，还建立了宗教信仰，学会了基础的建筑学。 北方的伊特鲁里亚人则为贸易和奢华的都市生活提供了参考。伊特鲁里亚同样地处贸易要道，早期的罗马人要么从伊特鲁里亚人的案例中学习贸易技巧，要么直接拜伊特鲁里亚人为师，后者在公元前650年至600年间的某个时候（尽管在此之前，他们的影响力早已凸显）出现在罗马的周边区域。在罗马文化和社会的发展中，伊特鲁里亚文明扮演了怎样的角色仍有争议，但毫无疑问，在早期阶段，他们对罗马施加了显著的影响。 从一开始，罗马人就展现出极强的学习天赋，将其他文化中的先进的理念和技巧借为己用。从公元前8世纪到公元前6世纪，罗马王国迅速从一个贸易城镇发展成一座繁荣的都市。当罗马七王中的最后一位，傲慢的塔克文（Tarquin the Proud），在公元前509年被废黜时，曾和他争夺权力的对手卢修斯·尤尼乌斯·布鲁特斯（Lucius Junius Brutus）对政府体制进行了改革，建立了罗马共和国。 ### 战争和扩张 虽然这座城市早年的繁荣来源于贸易，但正是罗马的军事行动使其成为了古代世界中一支不容小觑的力量。与北非城市迦太基的战争（被称为布匿战争，公元前264-前146年）巩固了罗马的权力，让这座城市收获了大量财富和威望。罗马和迦太基是西地中海地区的贸易对手，迦太基战败后，罗马在该地区几乎拥有绝对的统治权，尽管海盗的侵扰阻碍了罗马对这片海域的完全控制。 伴随罗马共和国日益增加的权力和声望，罗马城开始呈现出由于腐败、贪婪和过度依赖外国奴隶所带来的负面影响。征服战争带来了大量廉价的奴隶，大量无所事事的罗马人结成帮派，听命于支付钱财的富有元老。城市中的贵族作为有钱的精英阶层，他们牺牲了下层平民阶级，从而变得越来越富有。 [ ![Map of 2nd Century Roman Expansion](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/131.gif?v=1739407145) 公元2世纪罗马帝国扩张图 US Military Academy (Public Domain) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/131/map-of-2nd-century-roman-expansion/ "Map of 2nd Century Roman Expansion")公元前2世纪，被称为格拉古兄弟的提比略和盖乌斯，作为罗马的两位护民官，领导了一场大范围的土地改革和政治革新。尽管两兄弟都在这场运动中遇害，但他们的努力也实实在在地推动了立法改革，罗马元老院猖獗的腐败行为受到了遏制（或者说，至少元老们在进行腐败活动时变得更加收敛了）。到了前三巨头时代，无论是罗马城还是罗马共和国都处于鼎盛时期。 ### [罗马共和国](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-560/) 即便如此，罗马还是发现其内部被划分为不同的阶级。统治阶级称自己为“贵族派”（optimates，最优秀的人），而下层阶级，或同情底层的人则被称为“平民派”（populares，人民）。这些名称只适用于那些持有某种政治倾向的人，并非严格意义上的政党，不是所有的统治阶级成员都是“贵族派”，同样，也不是所有的下层阶级成员都来自“平民派”。 总的来说，“贵族派”坚持传统的政治和社会价值观，这些价值观有利于罗马元老院的权力运作，有利于统治阶级的威望和优势。而一般来说，“平民派”则支持改革和罗马共和国的民主化。这两种对立的意识形态，将在三位巨头中引发著名的冲突，也在无意中为作为共和国的罗马画上了句号。 马库斯·李锡尼·克拉苏（Marcus Licinius Crassus）和他的政治对手，格奈乌斯·庞培·马格努斯（Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus，庞培大帝）与另一位较为年轻的政客，盖乌斯·尤利乌斯·凯撒（Gaius Julius Caesar），共同组成了现代历史学家所称的罗马第一次“三头同盟”（First Triumvirate of Rome，尽管当时的罗马人从未使用过“三巨头”这一术语，而三位当事人也从未如此自称）。克拉苏和庞培持有贵族派的政治立场，而凯撒则是一位平民派。 这三位巨头全都野心勃勃，为了争夺权力，他们相互制衡，但同时也促成了罗马的繁荣。克拉苏是罗马最富有的人，通过腐败大肆聚敛钱财，甚至到了迫使富裕市民向他支付“安全费”的程度。如果市民支付了这笔钱，克拉苏便不会烧毁他的房屋；如果拒绝付款，他会制造火灾，然后派出要价高昂的消防队灭火。尽管成立消防队的动机非常卑鄙，但克拉苏确实有效地创建了第一个消防部门，后来也确实对这座城市产生了很大价值。 庞培和凯撒都是伟大的统帅，通过他们各自的征服战争为罗马带来了大量财富。尽管克拉苏是罗马最富有的人（有人认为他是整个罗马历史上最富有的人），但他也渴望和庞培或凯撒一样，通过军事成就来获得民众的尊崇。公元前53年，他率领一支庞大的军队进攻帕提亚，但在现今土耳其境内发生的卡雷战役（Battle of Carrhae）中遭遇惨败，谈判失败后在当地被处死。 [ ![Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2737.jpg?v=1773346218) 尤利乌斯. 凯撒 Georges Jansoone (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2737/julius-caesar/ "Julius Caesar")随着克拉苏的离去，第一次三头同盟解体，庞培和凯撒互相宣战。庞培试图通过法律手段消灭他的竞争对手，他操纵元老院命令凯撒返回罗马并接受各种指控。但凯撒并没有谦卑地回到罗马城去面对这些不利审判，而是在公元前49年率领军队越过卢比孔河，以军队领袖身份进入罗马。 凯撒没有理会所谓的指控，将全部注意力转向清除庞培这个竞争对手。公元前48年，庞培和凯撒的军队在希腊的法萨罗相遇，数量上处于劣势的凯撒击败了人数占优的庞培军队。庞培本人逃到埃及，希望在那里得到庇护，但他到达后就被暗杀了。在法萨罗，凯撒以少胜多获得伟大胜利的消息迅速传开，让庞培的许多前好友和盟友迅速转向凯撒，人们相信他得到了神明的宠爱。 ### 迈向帝制 尤利乌斯·凯撒已成为当时罗马最有权势的人。他操纵元老院宣布自己为独裁官，实质上终结了罗马的共和时代。他在民众中享有极高的声望，他努力创建出一个强大而稳定的中央集权，让罗马城变得日益繁荣。然而，也正是因为这些成就，公元前44年，凯撒被一群罗马元老刺杀。 制造这起阴谋的人中，包括布鲁图斯（Brutus）和卡西乌斯（Cassius），他们似乎担心凯撒变得过于强大，最终可能会废除元老院。凯撒去世后，他的得力助手兼表亲马库斯·安东尼（Marcus Antonius，即马克·安东尼）与凯撒的侄子兼继承人盖乌斯·屋大维·图里努斯（Gaius Octavius Thurinus，屋大维），以及凯撒的朋友马库斯·埃米利乌斯·雷必达（Marcus Aemilius Lepidus）联手，在公元前42年的腓立比战役中击败了布鲁图斯和卡西乌斯的势力。 [ ![Division of the Second Triumvirate](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/4951.png?v=1776682640) 后三头同盟的分治区域 ColdEl (CC BY-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4951/division-of-the-second-triumvirate/ "Division of the Second Triumvirate")屋大维、安东尼和雷必达组成了罗马的第二次“三头同盟”；与第一次一样，这些人也都同样野心勃勃。当安东尼和屋大维同意让雷必达统治西班牙和非洲时，雷必达实际上被边缘化了，他被排除在罗马城中上演的权力游戏之外。他们商定，屋大维将统治罗马帝国的西部领土，安东尼则统治东部。 然而，安东尼与埃及女法老克里奥帕特拉七世（Cleopatra VII）之间产生了暧昧关系，打破了屋大维希望维持的权力均衡，导致两人之间爆发了战争。公元前31年，在亚克兴战役（Battle of Actium）中，安东尼与克里奥帕特拉的联军被击败，之后两人相继自杀，让屋大维成为罗马唯一的掌权者。公元前27年，屋大维被元老院授予特殊的权力，并采用了“奥古斯都”（Augustus）这一称号，成为罗马事实上的第一位皇帝。历史学家一致认为，这是罗马“共和时期”的结束，也是“帝国时期”的开始。 #### Editorial Review This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/). ## 关于作者 约书亚·J·马克（Joshua J. Mark）是世界历史百科全书的联合创始人兼内容总监。他曾在纽约马里斯特学院（Marist College）担任教授，教授历史、哲学、文学和写作课程。他游历广泛，曾在希腊和德国生活。 - [Linkedin Profile](https://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-j-mark/38/614/339) ## 时间轴 - **753 BCE**: The legendary founding date of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **753 BCE - 510 BCE**: Regal Period of ancient [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) from Founding to Birth of the Republic. - **750 BCE - 510 BCE**: The (semi-mythological) seven kings of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/): [Romulus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Romulus_and_Remus/), Numa Pompilius, Tulus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, [Lucius Tarquinius Superbus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus/). - **c. 620 BCE**: Posible founding date for [Ostia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Ostia/), the port of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **599 BCE - 500 BCE**: The traditional date when the [Circus Maximus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Circus_Maximus/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) is first laid out. - **534 BCE - 510 BCE**: Reign of [Lucius Tarquinius Superbus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus/), last king of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **510 BCE - 509 BCE**: First treaty between [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) and [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/). - **509 BCE**: Foundation of the [Roman Republic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Republic/). - **c. 508 BCE**: [Lars Porsenna](https://www.worldhistory.org/Lars_Porsenna/), [Etruscan](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/) king of [Chiusi](https://www.worldhistory.org/Chiusi/), lays siege to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **504 BCE**: Migration of Claudii from Sabine lands to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **c. 499 BCE**: [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Lake Regillus between [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) and the Latin League. - **c. 497 BCE**: The first [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) dedicated to [Saturn](https://www.worldhistory.org/Saturn/) is constructed in the [Forum Romanum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Forum/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **495 BCE**: [Lucius Tarquinius Superbus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus/), last king of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/), dies in exile at Cumae. - **495 BCE**: A [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) is built in honour of Mercury near [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)'s [Circus Maximus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Circus_Maximus/). - **494 BCE**: Traditional date the office of the tribuni plebis is created in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **493 BCE**: Foedus Cassianus - treaty by Spurius Cassius Vecellinus with the Latin League after the [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Lake Regillus. - **484 BCE**: The first [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of the [Dioscuri](https://www.worldhistory.org/Castor_and_Pollux/) (Castor & Pollux) is dedicated in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)'s [Forum Romanum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Forum/) by Aulus Postumius following his victory over the Latins at the [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Lake Regillus. - **451 BCE - 450 BCE**: Decemvirate and Publication of [Twelve Tables](https://www.worldhistory.org/Twelve_Tables/) of [Roman Law](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Law/). - **c. 400 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) tale of mythical twins [Romulus and Remus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Romulus_and_Remus/) first recorded. - **394 BCE**: [Etruscan](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/) [Volsinii](https://www.worldhistory.org/volsinii/) and their ally Sappinum unsuccessfully attacks [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **390 BCE**: Gauls sack [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **c. 390 BCE**: "Gallic Catastrophe:" [Brennus](https://www.worldhistory.org/brennus/) of the Senones defeats the Romans at Allia, and subsequently sacks [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **380 BCE**: Rebuilding of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). Strong walls around the seven hills. - **343 BCE - 341 BCE**: First Samnite [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) ([Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) vs. Samnites). - **340 BCE - 338 BCE**: Latin [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/), victory for [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **326 BCE - 304 BCE**: Second Samnite [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/). - **321 BCE**: The Via Appia, a famous [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) road, is constructed. - **298 BCE - 290 BCE**: Third Samnite [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) between [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) and the Samnite people. - **295 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) victory over Samnites, Gauls and Umbrians at Sentinum. - **292 BCE**: The Romans adopt the [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) [god](https://www.worldhistory.org/God/) of [medicine](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/medicine/) [Asclepius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Asclepius/) by stealing his sacred snake from [Epidaurus](https://www.worldhistory.org/epidaurus/) and setting up a [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) on the Tiber Island. - **Mar 218 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) declares [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) on [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) after [Hannibal](https://www.worldhistory.org/hannibal/) sacks [Saguntum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Saguntum/) in Spain. The [Second Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Punic_War/) begins. - **213 BCE - 212 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) commander [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) lays seige to and ultimately sacks [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/). - **196 BCE**: The earliest known Triumphal Arches are built in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) by L.Sertinius. - **184 BCE**: The first basilica is added to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)'s [Forum Romanum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Forum/). - **168 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) defeats [Macedon](https://www.worldhistory.org/macedon/) at [Battle of Pydna](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Pydna/). - **166 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) puts [Delos](https://www.worldhistory.org/delos/) under the jurisdiction of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) and makes the island a free port. - **146 BCE**: First [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) all-marble building is constructed, the [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of [Jupiter](https://www.worldhistory.org/jupiter/) Stater in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **121 BCE**: [Gallia](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/) Narbonensis becomes a [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) province. - **107 BCE - 100 BCE**: [Gaius Marius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gaius_Marius/) reforms the [Roman army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Army/). - **12 Jul 100 BCE - 15 Mar 44 BCE**: Life of Gaius [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/), founder of the [Roman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/). - **89 BCE**: All [poleis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polis/) or [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/)-states in [Magna Graecia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Magna_Graecia/) come under [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) control. - **80 BCE**: [Sulla](https://www.worldhistory.org/sulla/) moves the [Olympic Games](https://www.worldhistory.org/Olympic_Games/) to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) for a single Olympiad. - **70 BCE**: [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) and [Crassus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus/) are made consuls. - **59 BCE - 17 CE**: Life of [Livy](https://www.worldhistory.org/livy/). - **58 BCE - 51 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/)'s [conquest](https://www.worldhistory.org/warfare/) of [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/). - **55 BCE**: [Pompey the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) builds the first permanent stone [theatre](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/theatre/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **55 BCE - 54 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/)'s expeditions in [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/). - **54 BCE - 29 BCE**: Forum of [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) constructed in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) by [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) as another area to conduct judicial business. It is the best surviving of his monuments. - **15 Mar 44 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) is murdered. - **43 BCE - 36 BCE**: [Second Triumvirate](https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Triumvirate/): [Antony](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mark_Antony/), [Octavian](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/), and Lepidus (official approval by the [Roman Senate](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Senate/)). Mass proscriptions including [Cicero](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cicero/). - **43 BCE - 17 CE**: Life of the [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) writer [Ovid](https://www.worldhistory.org/ovid/), author of Metamorphoses. - **36 BCE**: [Agrippa](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Agrippa/) defeats the naval fleet of Sextus [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) in the [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Naulochos. - **31 BCE**: [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) absorbed into [Roman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/). - **29 BCE**: [Augustus](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) builds the [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of Divius Iulius on the spot of [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/)'s funeral pyre in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)'s [Forum Romanum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Forum/). - **c. 27 BCE**: The first [Pantheon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pantheon/) is built in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) and dedicated by [Marcus Agrippa](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Agrippa/). - **c. 20 BCE**: Military engineer and architect [Vitruvius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Vitruvius/) publishes his "De Architectura". - **c. 20 BCE**: The Campus Martius baths in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) are constructed and donated to the people by [Agrippa](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Agrippa/). - **19 BCE**: Arch of [Augustus](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) built in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) to commemorate victory over the Parthians. - **c. 13 BCE**: Official inauguration of the [Theatre of Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/614/theatre-of-marcellus/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **c. 10 BCE**: [Augustus](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) rebuilds the [Temple of Castor and Pollux](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/632/temple-of-castor--pollux/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)'s [Forum Romanum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Forum/). - **1 CE - 100 CE**: [Mithraism](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mithraic_Mysteries/) spreads in the [Roman empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/). - **c. 13 CE**: [Augustus](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) creates the [cohortes urbanae](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cohortes_Urbanae/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) to help maintain public order. - **c. 23 CE**: The castra praetoria, permanent camp of the [Praetorian Guard](https://www.worldhistory.org/Praetorian_Guard/), is built in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) by [Sejanus](https://www.worldhistory.org/sejanus/). - **42 CE - 62 CE**: [Paul the Apostle](https://www.worldhistory.org/Paul_the_Apostle/) goes on missionary journeys across [Asia Minor](https://www.worldhistory.org/Asia_Minor/), [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), and [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **c. 50 CE - c. 60 CE**: Establishment of various Christian communities in the Eastern [Mediterranean](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/mediterranean/), [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/), and at least the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **60 CE - 61 CE**: [Boudicca](https://www.worldhistory.org/Boudicca/)'s Revolt in [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/). - **64 CE**: Fire destroys the [Circus Maximus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Circus_Maximus/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **64 CE**: Unofficial persecution of Christians in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **64 CE**: The great fire in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **c. 64 CE**: The [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) port of [Ostia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Ostia/) reaches its maximum size becoming a major urban centre. - **c. 65 CE**: The [Circus Maximus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Circus_Maximus/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) is rebuilt and its capacity increased to 250,000. - **c. 65 CE**: The Baths of [Nero](https://www.worldhistory.org/Nero/) are built in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **66 CE - 73 CE**: The Jewish Revolt against [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **68 CE - 69 CE**: [Year of the Four Emperors](https://www.worldhistory.org/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors/): Civil [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **70 CE**: The [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of [Jerusalem](https://www.worldhistory.org/jerusalem/) is besieged and captured by [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/); the Second [Temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) destroyed. - **Jun 71 CE**: [Titus](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Titus/) returns to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) from Jewish [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/). - **72 CE**: [Vespasian](https://www.worldhistory.org/Vespasian/) begins construction of the [Colosseum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Colosseum/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **Aug 79 CE - Oct 79 CE**: Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in southern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) burying the towns of [Pompeii](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompeii/) and [Herculaneum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Herculaneum/) in volcanic ash. - **80 CE**: The [Colosseum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Colosseum/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) is officially opened by [Titus](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Titus/) with a 100 day [gladiator](https://www.worldhistory.org/gladiator/) spectacular. - **80 CE**: The first [Pantheon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pantheon/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) is destroyed by fire. - **81 CE - 96 CE**: Construction is finally completed on the [Colosseum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Colosseum/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) in the reign of [Domitian](https://www.worldhistory.org/domitian/). - **83 CE**: [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Mons Graupius in [Scotland](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Scotland/). - **18 Sep 96 CE**: [Death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) of [Roman Emperor](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Emperor/) [Domitian](https://www.worldhistory.org/domitian/). - **c. 110 CE**: First documented martydom in the [Colosseum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Colosseum/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/), that of St. Ignatius of [Antioch](https://www.worldhistory.org/Antiochia/). - **110 CE**: The second [Pantheon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pantheon/) building in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) is hit by lightning and destroyed by fire. - **113 CE**: [Trajan's column](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trajans_Column/) is constructed in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) which commemorates the emperor's campaigns in [Dacia](https://www.worldhistory.org/dacia/). - **c. 125 CE**: The [Pantheon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pantheon/) is completed in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **10 Jul 138 CE - 9 Mar 161 CE**: Reign of [Roman Emperor](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Emperor/) [Antoninus Pius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Antoninus_Pius/). - **c. 180 CE**: The [Column of Marcus Aurelius](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/647/the-column-of-marcus-aurelius/) and Faustina is erected in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). It depicts in relief [sculpture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Sculpture/) the emperors' campaigns across the Danube. - **192 CE**: Emperor [Commodus](https://www.worldhistory.org/commodus/) is murdered, civil [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) ensues (until 197 CE). - **202 CE**: The [Pantheon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pantheon/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) is repaired by [Septimius Severus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Septimius_Severus/) and [Caracalla](https://www.worldhistory.org/Caracalla/). - **227 CE**: The Baths of [Nero](https://www.worldhistory.org/Nero/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) are extensively renovated and expanded by [Alexander Severus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_Severus/) and renamed Thermae Alexandrinae. - **c. 235 CE**: The Baths of [Caracalla](https://www.worldhistory.org/Caracalla/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) are completed. - **238 CE**: Year of the Six Emperors in the [Roman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/). - **272 CE**: Possible year of Emperor [Constantine](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Constantine/)'s birth. - **283 CE**: A fire devastates [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)'s [Forum Romanum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Forum/), necessitating an extensive rebuilding programme. - **286 CE**: Naval commander Carausius ([Marcus Aurelius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Aurelius/) Mausaeus Valerius Carausius) declares himself emperor in [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/) and Northern [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/). - **293 CE**: Emperor Carausius assassinated by Allectus. - **308 CE**: [Constantine I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Constantine_I/) named "[caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/)" of the west. - **312 CE**: [Constantine](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Constantine/) defeats Maxentius at Milvian Bridge. - **312 CE**: [Constantine I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Constantine_I/) reduces the [cohortes urbanae](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cohortes_Urbanae/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **337 CE**: [Death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) of Emperor [Constantine I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Constantine_I/). - **c. 360 CE - c. 380 CE**: The [Temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of [Saturn](https://www.worldhistory.org/Saturn/) is rebuilt in the [Forum Romanum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Forum/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **402 CE**: Ravenna becomes the capital of the [Western Roman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Western_Roman_Empire/). - **408 CE**: [Alaric](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alaric/) I the [Visigoth](https://www.worldhistory.org/visigoth/) besieges [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). As ransom, Rome pays 5,000 pounds of [gold](https://www.worldhistory.org/gold/), 30,000 pounds of [silver](https://www.worldhistory.org/Silver/), 4,000 silken tunics, 3,000 hides dyed scarlet, and 3,000 pounds of [pepper](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pepper/). - **410 CE**: [Alaric](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alaric/) of the [Visigoths](https://www.worldhistory.org/visigoth/) sacks [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **24 Aug 410 CE**: [Alaric](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alaric/) sacks [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **422 CE**: The [Colosseum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Colosseum/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) is damaged by [earthquake](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/earthquake/). - **455 CE**: [Vandals](https://www.worldhistory.org/Vandals/) sack [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **536 CE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) falls to [Belisarius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Belisarius/). - **549 CE**: The last official [chariot](https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot/) race is held in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)'s [Circus Maximus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Circus_Maximus/). - **608 CE**: The [Pantheon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pantheon/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) is converted into a Christian church. - **c. 730 CE**: First reference to the Flavian [Amphitheatre](https://www.worldhistory.org/amphitheatre/) as the [Colosseum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Colosseum/) by the Venerable [Bede](https://www.worldhistory.org/Bede/). ## 外部链接 - [Ancient Rome Live](http://www.ancientromelive.org/) - [Rome Reborn](http://romereborn.frischerconsulting.com/) - [Four sisters in Ancient Rome - Ray Laurence](http://ed.ted.com/lessons/four-sisters-in-ancient-rome-ray-laurence) - [A glimpse of teenage life in ancient Rome - Ray Laurence](http://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-glimpse-of-teenage-life-in-ancient-rome-ray-laurence) - [Roman Lives](https://history-podcasts.com/roman-lives) - [S.P.Q.R.: A History of Ancient Rome - Episode - Free Library](https://libwww.freelibrary.org/podcast/?podcastID=1419) - [33 Ancient Rome Facts That Will Change The Way You See History](https://allthatsinteresting.com/ancient-rome-facts) - [Roman Emperors](http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm) - [The History of Rome](https://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/) - [The Meaning of Myths, Folklore, Legends, and Fairy Tales](https://www.thoughtco.com/defining-terms-myth-folklore-legend-735039) - [Julius Caesar](http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/caesar_julius.shtml) - [Discover Ancient Rome in Google Earth](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqMXIRwQniA) - [Historical city travel guide: Rome, 1st century AD | British Museum](https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/historical-city-travel-guide-rome-1st-century-ad) ## 引用本文 ### APA Mark, J. J. (2024, July 22). 古罗马. (C. He, 翻译). *World History Encyclopedia*. ### Chicago Mark, Joshua J.. "古罗马." 翻译： Claude He. *World History Encyclopedia*, July 22, 2024. . ### MLA Mark, Joshua J.. "古罗马." 翻译： Claude He. *World History Encyclopedia*, 22 Jul 2024, . ## 许可与版权 提交人： [Claude He](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/claudehe/ "User Page: Claude He"), 发表于 22 July 2024. 请查阅原始来源以获取版权信息。 请注意，从本页面链接的内容可能具有不同的许可条款。