---
title: 罗马共和国
author: Donald L. Wasson
translator: Jinfeng Zhang
source: https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-560/
format: machine-readable-alternate
license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
updated: 2024-06-06
---
# 罗马共和国
_作者： [Donald L. Wasson](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/DWasson/)_
_译者： [Jinfeng Zhang](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/jinfengzhang)_
[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-22386/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/2-2409/)公元前 6 世纪末，罗马这个小城邦推翻了君主制的桎梏，建立了一个共和政府，在理论上代表了公民的意愿，但在实践中并非总是如此。在此基础上，罗马征服了整个意大利半岛和地中海内外的大部分地区。共和国及其政府机构延续了五个世纪，直到被内战破坏，转变为由皇帝统治的元首制国家。即便如此，共和国时期建立的许多政治机构，特别是元老院，仍继续存在，尽管权力其有所削弱。
### 神话与传说
罗马共和国崛起之前的岁月已淹没在神话传说中，这一时期没有任何当代书面历史流传下来。虽然大部分历史已经失传，但罗马历史学家李维（公元前 59 年-公元17 年）仍然写出了一部杰出的《罗马史》（142 卷），叙述了从君主制到共和国衰落的历史。然而，他的大部分历史，尤其是早年的历史，纯粹是基于神话和口述。与某些描述相反，君主制的衰落和共和国的诞生并非一蹴而就。有些人甚至声称，这远非不流血的过程。历史学家玛丽.比尔德（Mary Beard）在她的《SPQR》中写道，从君主制到共和制的转变 "经历了几十年，甚至几个世纪的时间"。
公元前 510 年，末代国王塔克文·苏佩布（Tarquinius Superbus）或傲慢的塔克文（Tarquin the Proud）被推翻，在此之前，这座城市的历史沉浸在英勇和战争的故事中。甚至连城市的建立也大多是传说，反正很多人都喜欢神话而非事实。多年来，罗马一直仰慕希腊人的希腊文化，因此很容易就接受了罗马作家维吉尔在其英雄传奇《埃涅阿斯纪》（Aeneid）中讲述的埃涅阿斯和罗马建城的故事。这个故事让罗马人与古老的希腊文化建立了联系。这个神话故事讲述了埃涅阿斯和他的追随者在维纳斯女神的帮助下逃离特洛伊城的故事，特洛伊城在特洛伊战争中被希腊人攻陷。朱庇特的妻子朱诺在整个故事中不断阻挠故事主人公埃涅阿斯。在迦太基短暂停留后，埃涅阿斯最终前往意大利和拉丁姆（Latium，今拉齐奥），最终完成了自己的使命。他的后代是一对双胞胎罗穆路斯和雷穆斯（Romulus and Remus）–战神玛尔斯的私生子和阿尔巴隆伽（Alba Longa）国王的女儿瑞亚. 西尔维亚（Rhea Silvia）公主。罗穆路斯被一只母狼从溺水中救起，由一个牧羊人抚养长大，最终在战场上打败了他的哥哥，建立了罗马城，成为罗马的第一位国王。传说就这样流传下来。
[  狄多与埃涅阿斯的会面 Nathaniel Dance-Holland (Public Domain) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/3305/the-meeting-of-dido-and-aeneas/ "The Meeting of Dido and Aeneas")### 早期
塔克文被流放后，罗马饱受内外冲突之苦。公元前 5 世纪的大部分时间都在挣扎，而非繁荣。从公元前510年到公元前275年，虽然政府一直在努力解决一系列内部政治问题，但罗马城却逐渐发展成为整个意大利半岛的霸主。从罗马战胜拉丁人的勒吉鲁斯湖战役（Battle of Regallus，公元前 496 年），到对伊庇鲁斯（Epirus）的皮洛士战役（Pyrrhic Wars，公元前 280 - 275 年），罗马成为了西部地区占有统治地位的军事超级大国。通过这种扩张，共和国的社会和政治结构逐渐演变。从这开始，这座城市将建立一个新的政府，这个政府有一天将统治从北海向南经过高卢和日耳曼，向西到达西班牙，向东到达希腊、叙利亚和北非。大地中海变成了罗马湖。在整个共和国时期以及罗马帝国的形成时期，这些土地一直处于罗马的控制之下。
### 罗马共和国政府
然而，在成为一支占主导地位的军事力量之前，这座城市必须拥有一个稳定的政府，最重要的是要避免出现个人夺取控制权的可能性。最终，他们将建立一个真正的权力制衡体系。最初，在君主制衰落之后，共和国由大家族控制–“贵族”（Patricians）一词来源于 “patres ”或 “fathers”。只有这些大家族才能担任政治或宗教职务。其余的公民或平民没有政治权力，尽管他们中的许多人和贵族一样富有。然而，令贵族们大失所望的是，这种安排不能也不会持久。
两个阶级之间的紧张关系不断加剧，特别是因为城市中较贫穷的居民构成了军队的大部分。他们自问，如果所有的利润都归富人所有，他们为什么还要参加战争。最后，在公元前 494 年，平民举行了罢工，他们聚集在罗马城外，在获得代表权之前拒绝离开，这就是著名的 “阶级冲突（Conflict of Orders） ”或 “平民第一继承权”（First Succession of the Plebs）。罢工取得了成功，平民获得了自己的集会–平民会议（Concilium Plebis）或平民委员会（Council of the Plebs）。
[  西塞罗谴责喀提林 Cesare Macari (Public Domain) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4532/cicero-denounces-catiline/ "Cicero Denounces Catiline")虽然罗马政府不能被视为真正的民主政府，但它确实为许多公民（妇女除外）提供了对城市统治方式的发言权。通过反叛，平民的权利体系归属于一些地方行政长官（cursus honorum）和各种会议。行政权或统治权（imperium）属于两位执政官。执政官由百人会议（Comitia Centuriata）选举产生，任期只有一年，负责主持元老院会议、提出法律建议和指挥军队。特别的是，每位执政官都可以否决对方的决定。任期结束后，他可以成为资深执政官（pro-consul），管理共和国的众多领土之一，这一任命可以让他变得相当富有。
### 地方行政长官和官员
还有几位较低级别的地方行政长官：裁判官（praetor）作为司法官员的地方行政长官（唯一拥有统治权的官员），具有公民和省级管辖权；财务官（ quaestor ）作为财务管理人员的行政长官；以及市政官（ aedile ）负责城市维护的行政长官，如道路、水和食物供应以及年度运动会和节日。最后，还有一个令人垂涎的职位—监察官（censor），任期只有 18 个月。每五年当选一次，他负责普查人口，负责审查公民名单及其财产，他甚至可以罢免行为不当的参议院议员。然而，最后还有一个独特的职位–独裁者。他被授予完全的权力，只有在紧急情况下才会被任命，通常任期只有六个月。最有名的当然是凯撒，他被任命为终身独裁者。
### 人民会议
除了地方行政长官，还有许多会议。这些会议是人民（仅限男性公民）的代言人，因此可以听取一些人的意见。所有会议中最重要的是罗马元老院（旧君主制的残余）。虽然没有报酬，但元老院议员终身任职，除非他们因公开或私下的不当行为被监察官撤职。虽然这个机构没有真正的立法权，只是执政官和后来的皇帝的顾问，但他们仍然拥有相当大的权力。他们可以提出法律建议，也可以监督外交政策、公民管理和财政。然而，颁布法律的权力被赋予了一些人民会议。元老院的所有提案都必须得到两个人民会议中其中一个的批准。百人会议（Comitia Centuriata）不仅负责制定法律，还负责选举执政官和宣战。平民会议（Concilium Plebis）则通过选举产生的保民官传达平民的意愿。这些会议被划分为若干区，每个区作为一个单位进行投票。除了这两个主要的立法机构外，还有一些较小的部落会议。
[  罗马教廷 Chris Ludwig (Copyright) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/491/the-curia/ "The Curia")平民会议（Concilium Plebis）的产生源于 “阶级冲突”–平民与贵族之间为争夺政治权力而发生的冲突。在平民会议中，除了通过与平民意愿相关的法律外，议员们还选举出一些代表他们发言的保民官。虽然这个 “平民会议 ”最初让平民在政府中拥有一定的发言权，但事实证明这还不够。公元前 450 年，为了平息平民的忧虑，罗马颁布了《十二铜表法》（Twelve Tables）。它成为第一部有记载的罗马法典。《十二铜表法》以家庭生活和私有财产为重点，解决了内政问题。例如，平民不仅被禁止因债务而入狱，还被赋予对地方法官判决提出上诉的权利。后来，平民甚至被允许与贵族结婚并成为执政官。随着时间的推移，平民的权利不断增加。公元前 287 年，霍尔腾西法（Lex Hortensia） 宣布平民会议通过的所有法律对平民和贵族都具有约束力。
### 罗马共和国的发展
独特的政府结构使罗马共和国的发展远远超出了城墙以内的范围。对迦太基发动的三次布匿战争（公元前 264 年至公元前 146 年）的胜利是罗马走出半岛局限的第一步。在经历了多年的战争和败于汉尼拔之手的尴尬之后，元老院最终采纳了直言不讳的老加图的建议，他说：“Carthago delenda est！”或 “迦太基必须被摧毁！” 公元前 146 年，罗马在扎马战役后摧毁了迦太基城，并在四次马其顿战争中击败希腊人，使罗马共和国成为真正的地中海强国。希腊人的臣服为罗马带来了丰富的希腊文化，即其艺术、哲学和文学。遗憾的是，尽管罗马共和国发展壮大，罗马政府却从未想打算建立起一个帝国。历史学家汤姆. 霍兰（Tom Holland）在他的《卢比孔河》（Rubicon）一书中指出，共和国似乎总是处于政治崩溃的边缘。旧的农业经济无法也不会成功转型，只会进一步扩大贫富差距。
[  公元前264年的西地中海 Jon Platek (CC BY-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/237/the-western-mediterranean-264-bce/ "The Western Mediterranean 264 BCE")然而，罗马不仅仅是一个尚武的国家。在国内，罗马人相信家庭的重要性和宗教的价值。他们还认为，公民权或公民意识定义了真正文明的含义。当罗马领土扩张开始挑战罗马权威时，这种公民概念很快就会受到考验。然而，这种持续不断的战争状态不仅使共和国富裕，也有助于塑造其社会。马其顿战争后，希腊人的影响波及罗马文化和宗教。在希腊的影响下，传统的罗马诸神发生了变化。在罗马，个人信仰的表达并不重要，只要严格遵守一套既定的仪式，避免宗教狂热的危险即可，而整个帝国都会建造供奉这些神的庙宇。
在罗马的其他地方，城墙内的贫民窟（tenements）最能体现阶级的分化。罗马是许多人的避难所，他们离开周围的城镇和农场，寻求更好的生活方式。然而，无法兑现的就业承诺迫使许多人生活在城市的贫困地区。他们所寻找的工作往往并不存在，导致无家可归的居民大量涌现。许多较富裕的市民住在帕拉丁山（Palatine Hill）上，而其他人则住在破烂不堪的公寓里，这些公寓过于拥挤，而且极其危险，许多人一直生活在火灾和倒塌的恐惧之中。虽然这些建筑的底层是商店和较为合适的住房，但上层是为较贫穷的居民准备的。这里没有自然光，没有自来水，也没有厕所。街道照明不足，由于没有警力，犯罪猖獗。垃圾，甚至是人类排泄物，经常被倾倒在街道上，不仅臭气熏天，而且成为疾病的温床。所有这些都加剧了民众的不满。
### 格拉古兄弟
这种贫富之间的斗争一直持续到共和国最终崩溃。不过，也有一些当权者试图找到解决现有问题的办法。公元前 2 世纪，两兄弟都是保民官，他们试图进行必要的改革，但都失败了。在一系列改革建议中，提比略. 格拉古（Tiberius Gracchus）建议将土地分给失业者和小农场主。元老院（其中许多人是大地主）理所当然的强烈反对，就连平民会议（Concilium Plebis）也拒绝了这一建议。虽然他的建议最终成为了法律，却无法实施。暴乱很快接踵而至，包括提比略在内的 300 人被杀。不幸的是，相似的命运也在等待着他的兄弟。
虽然盖乌斯. 格拉古（Gaius Gracchus）也支持土地分配的想法，但当他提议给予所有罗马盟友公民权时，他的命运就注定了。和他的兄长一样，他的提议也遇到了相当大的阻力。当 3000 名支持者被杀后，他选择了自杀。兄弟二人未能在罗马取得某种平衡，这是共和国注定要灭亡的众多迹象之一。后来，另一位罗马人崛起，发起了一系列改革。苏拉（Sulla）和他的军队进军罗马，击败了敌人盖乌斯. 马略（Gaius Marius），夺取了政权。公元前 88 年，苏拉上台后迅速击败了东方本都王国的米特里达提斯（Mithridates）国王，在庞培和克拉苏两位将军的帮助下击溃了萨莫奈人（Samnites），清洗了罗马元老院（80 人被杀或流放），重组了法院，并颁布了一系列改革措施。公元前 79 年，他平静的隐退。
[  苏拉 Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2521/sulla/ "Sulla")### 罗马共和国的衰落
与罗马帝国不同，罗马共和国不是因为任何外部威胁而崩溃，而是因为内部斗争而衰落。这是由于共和国无法适应不断扩张的帝国。甚至古老的西比拉（Sibylline）也预言，失败将来自内部，而非外敌，这样的警告不胜枚举。公元前 1 世纪（公元前 90 年至公元前 88 年）所谓的 “同盟者战争 ”（Social Wars）—罗马同盟对公民身份的要求—就是这种动乱的一个标志。多年来，罗马盟国一直缴纳贡品，为战争提供士兵，但不被视为公民。就像多年前的平民一样，他们想要代表权。经过一场叛乱，情况才有所改变。尽管元老院曾警告罗马公民，授予这些人公民身份会有危险，但最终整个意大利半岛的所有人（奴隶除外）都获得了正式公民身份。后来，凯撒大帝将公民权扩展到意大利以外，并授予西班牙和高卢人民。
也正是在这个时候，罗马政治家兼诗人马库斯.提利乌斯.西塞罗（Marcus Tillius Cicero）揭露了罗马元老卢修斯.塞尔吉乌斯.喀提林（Lucius Sergius Catiline）领导的推翻罗马政府的阴谋，使这座城市的生存受到严重威胁。西塞罗还认为，由于道德败坏，共和国正在衰落。公元前 60 年，这些问题以及恐惧和动荡引起了三个人的注意： 凯撒、庞培（Gnaeus Pompey）和克拉苏（Marcus Licinius Crassus）。克拉苏因在公元前 71 年击败斯巴达克斯及其追随者而声名鹊起。庞培在西班牙和东方都表现出色。凯撒已经证明了自己是一名能干的指挥官。这三个人共同组成了历史学家所称的前三头同盟（First Triumvirate）。在将近十年的时间里，他们同时控制着执政官职位和军事指挥权。公元前 59 年，凯撒卸任执政官一职后，他和他的军队北上进入高卢和日耳曼。庞培成为西班牙总督（尽管他在罗马统治），而克拉苏则在东方寻求名望，不幸的是，他最终在卡莱战役（Battle of Carrhae）中战败并被杀。
庞培和凯撒之间的紧张关系不断升级。庞培嫉妒恺撒的成功和名声，而恺撒则希望重返政坛。公元前 48 年，他们在法尔萨拉（Pharsalus）相遇。庞培战败，逃到埃及，被托勒密十三世杀死。凯撒完成了他的使命，夺取了东部省份和非洲北部，以英雄的姿态回到罗马，并被宣布为终身独裁者。他的许多敌人和一些盟友都认为他的新职位严重威胁到共和国的根基，尽管他进行了一系列卓有成效的改革，但公元前 44 年3月15日（Ides of March）凯撒被暗杀还是让共和国走向了灭亡。他的继承人和继子屋大维（Octavian）征服了马克. 安东尼（Mark Antony），最终成为罗马第一位皇帝，即奥古斯都。共和国不复存在，罗马帝国在灰烬中崛起。
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- [Roman Citizenship](https://www.ancient.eu/article/859/ "Roman Citizenship"), accessed 15 May 2020.
- [Roman Government](https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Government/ "Roman Government"), accessed 15 May 2020.
- [Roman Religion](https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Religion/ "Roman Religion"), accessed 15 May 2020.
## 关于作者
唐纳德在林肯学院（诺默尔，伊利诺斯州）教授古代史、中世纪史和美国史。自从了解了亚历山大大帝的故事，他便成为了历史的学生，并将持续学习。他渴望把知识传递给学生们。
## 时间轴
- **753 BCE**: The legendary founding date of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **534 BCE - 510 BCE**: Reign of [Lucius Tarquinius Superbus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus/), last king of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **509 BCE**: Quaestors become a prominent position in the [Roman Republic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Republic/).
- **495 BCE**: [Lucius Tarquinius Superbus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus/), last king of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/), dies in exile at Cumae.
- **484 BCE**: The first [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of the [Dioscuri](https://www.worldhistory.org/Castor_and_Pollux/) (Castor & Pollux) is dedicated in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)'s [Forum Romanum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Forum/) by Aulus Postumius following his victory over the Latins at the [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Lake Regillus.
- **450 BCE**: The number of [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) quaestors is increased to four and made open to plebians.
- **450 BCE**: The laws of the '[Twelve Tables](https://www.worldhistory.org/Twelve_Tables/)', the basis of [Roman law](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Law/), are compiled.
- **c. 440 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) quaestors are chosen by the assembly rather than the consuls.
- **367 BCE**: [Livy](https://www.worldhistory.org/livy/) mentions [Celtic](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) armies in Ancona and one such group moves against [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) once more.
- **343 BCE - 341 BCE**: First Samnite [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) ([Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) vs. Samnites).
- **340 BCE - 338 BCE**: Latin [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/), victory for [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **334 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) signs a peace treaty with the Senones tribe.
- **326 BCE - 304 BCE**: Second Samnite [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/).
- **298 BCE - 290 BCE**: Third Samnite [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/). Victory for [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/), peace with the [Etruscans](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/).
- **297 BCE**: [Celts](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) and Samnites join forces and defeat the Romans at Camertium.
- **c. 295 BCE**: In a [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) lasting all day, Romans narrowly defeat a force of [Celts](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) and Samnites at Sentinum.
- **294 BCE**: A [Roman army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Army/) led by L. Postimius Megellus defeats an army from [Etruscan](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/) [Volsinii](https://www.worldhistory.org/volsinii/).
- **285 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) forces heavily defeat the Senones at Lake Vadimo.
- **285 BCE - 282 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) defeats the [Celts](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) in [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/). Rome's dominance in central Italy is secured.
- **284 BCE**: Gauls of the Insubres and Boii tribes defeat the Romans at [Arretium](https://www.worldhistory.org/arretium/).
- **283 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) decisively defeats the Senones at Picenum.
- **283 BCE**: Romans defeat the [Etruscans](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/) and [Celts](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) at lake Vadimo.
- **282 BCE**: A [Celtic](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) army with many youth among their ranks is again defeated by Romans.
- **280 BCE**: The Romans [conquer](https://www.worldhistory.org/warfare/) the [Etruscan](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/) [cities](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of [Tarquinia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Tarquinia/), [Volsinii](https://www.worldhistory.org/volsinii/) and [Vulci](https://www.worldhistory.org/Vulci/).
- **280 BCE - 272 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) against [Tarentum](https://www.worldhistory.org/tarentum/). [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) conquers Tarentum. Rome's dominance in lower [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) is secured.
- **264 BCE - 241 BCE**: [First Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Punic_War/). [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) cedes [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **241 BCE - 238 BCE**: The rebellion of the mercenaries: Unpaid mercenaries under the leadership of Mathos and Spendios rebel against [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/). Despite a peace treaty, [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) seizes the opportunity to strip Carthage of Sardinia and Corsica.
- **229 BCE - 228 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) fights Illyrian pirates. Queen Teuta pays tribute to Rome.
- **225 BCE**: Two [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) armies surround and defeat a [Celtic](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) army at Telamon.
- **223 BCE**: Romans successfully campaign against [Celtic](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) tribes of Cisalpine [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/).
- **222 BCE**: The [Celts](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) are defeated at Clastidium by [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) forces.
- **222 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) conquers Cisalpine [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/) (modern-day Provence, France).
- **219 BCE**: Illyrian coast is under [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) control.
- **216 BCE**: "[Hannibal](https://www.worldhistory.org/hannibal/) ante portas." Hannibal directly threatens the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/), but cannot advance due to lack of supplies and reinforcements.
- **Aug 216 BCE**: [Hannibal](https://www.worldhistory.org/hannibal/) wins the [battle of Cannae](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Cannae/), the worst defeat in [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) history.
- **c. 215 BCE - c. 216 BCE**: The Boii crush a [Roman army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Army/) 25,000 strong at Litana. Victory was, in part, achieved by pushing precariously cut trees down atop the horrified Romans as they marched.
- **214 BCE - 205 BCE**: First Macedonian [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/): [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) defeats Philip V of [Macedon](https://www.worldhistory.org/macedon/).
- **204 BCE**: [Scipio Africanus](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Scipio_Africanus/) sails to North [Africa](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/africa/) in the [Second Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Punic_War/).
- **201 BCE**: [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) joins the [Roman Republic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Republic/), province of [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) is formed.
- **200 BCE - 196 BCE**: Second Macedonian [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/): [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) victory.
- **193 BCE**: The Boii are defeated by the Romans, suffering, according to [Livy](https://www.worldhistory.org/livy/), 14,000 dead.
- **191 BCE**: Antiochus III and his army, including many Galatians, are defeated by [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) at Magnesia.
- **191 BCE - 134 BCE**: Various resistance movements against [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) in [Iberia](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/iberia/). Viriato leads the Lusitanians against Rome from 154 to 139 BC.
- **190 BCE**: [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Magnesia ad Sipylum, disastrous defeat for [Antiochos](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/antiochos/) III against Romans.
- **c. 188 BCE**: The treaty of Apamea Kibotos. Peace and alliance is established between the [Seleucid Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Seleucid_Empire/) and [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) joined by its allies, such as [Pergamon](https://www.worldhistory.org/pergamon/) and [Rhodes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rhodes/). The Seleucids have to evacuate all the land and the [cities](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) from [Asia Minor](https://www.worldhistory.org/Asia_Minor/) and to pay a huge [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) indemnity.
- **172 BCE - 168 BCE**: Third Macedonian [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/): [Perseus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Perseus/) of [Macedon](https://www.worldhistory.org/macedon/) challenges [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) and is defeated.
- **149 BCE - 146 BCE**: [Third Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Third_Punic_War/).
- **146 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) sacks [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) and dissolves the [Achaean league](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaean_League/). [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) is ruled by Rome.
- **146 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) influence over [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) begins to rise.
- **137 BCE**: 4,000 Celtiberians trap a force of 20,000 Romans at Numantia forcing their surrender.
- **133 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) captures Numantia. End of Iberian resistance.
- **133 BCE**: Attalus III, the last king of [Pergamon](https://www.worldhistory.org/pergamon/), bequeathes the whole of Pergamon to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **133 BCE**: Numantia falls to the Romans who besiege the [oppidum](https://www.worldhistory.org/oppidum/). Mass suicide ensues among many of the survivors. Land reforms by [Tiberius Gracchus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gracchi_Brothers/).
- **125 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) intervenes on behalf of Massalia against the Saluvii [Celts](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/).
- **121 BCE**: [Gallia](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/) Narbonensis becomes a [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) province.
- **113 BCE**: Romans defeated at Noreia by the [Cimbri](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cimbri/).
- **109 BCE**: [Cimbri](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cimbri/) defeat a [Roman army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Army/) under [Julius](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Julius/) Silanus.
- **106 BCE**: The governor of the [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) province of Macedonia, M. Minucius Rufus, celebrates his victory over a raid of the Dacians allied with the [Celtic](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) tribe of the Scordiscii in the Balkans.
- **106 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) statesman and orator [Cicero](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cicero/) is born.
- **105 BCE**: [Cimbri](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cimbri/), Teutons, and Ambrones are victorious at Arausio killing 60,000 Romans.
- **102 BCE**: [Marius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gaius_Marius/), after reforming the [Roman army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Army/), defeats the Teutons and Ambrones at Aquae Sextiae.
- **101 BCE**: At Vercellae the Romans crush the [Cimbri](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cimbri/).
- **91 BCE - 89 BCE**: [Social War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Social_War/) between [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) and its Italian allies. Italians want [Roman Citizenship](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/859/roman-citizenship/) and equal share in power. Only won by Rome by granting the Italian wishes.
- **89 BCE - 63 BCE**: Mithridatic Wars between [Mithridates VI](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mithridates_VI/) and [Roman Republic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Republic/) .
- **88 BCE - 87 BCE**: First Civil [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) between [Marius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gaius_Marius/) and [Sulla](https://www.worldhistory.org/sulla/). First march on [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) by Sulla.
- **83 BCE**: [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) fights under the [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) dictator [Sulla](https://www.worldhistory.org/sulla/).
- **83 BCE - 82 BCE**: [Sulla](https://www.worldhistory.org/sulla/)'s second march on [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). Mass Proscriptions.
- **80 BCE**: [Sulla](https://www.worldhistory.org/sulla/) is persuaded to give [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) his first [triumph](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Triumph/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **72 BCE**: Crixos, a [Celt](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) and second in command under [Spartacus](https://www.worldhistory.org/spartacus/), is killed. 300 Romans are sacrificed in his honor.
- **71 BCE**: [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) is granted his second [triumph](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Triumph/) for his victories in Spain.
- **70 BCE**: [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) and [Crassus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus/) are made consuls.
- **67 BCE**: The Gabinian [Law](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/law/) is passed, giving [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) great power to deal with pirates.
- **66 BCE**: The Manilian [Law](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/law/) is passed, giving [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) great power to deal with [Mithridates VI](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mithridates_VI/) of Pontus.
- **64 BCE**: [Galatia](https://www.worldhistory.org/galatia/) becomes a client state of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **63 BCE**: The [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) general [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) defeats the [Seleucid](https://www.worldhistory.org/Seleucid_Empire/) Antiochus XIII and incorporates [Syria](https://www.worldhistory.org/syria/) as a province of the [Roman empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/).
- **62 BCE**: [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) returns to [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), and disbands his army upon landing.
- **60 BCE - 53 BCE**: [First Triumvirate](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Triumvirate/)' between [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/), [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) and [Crassus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus/).
- **58 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) attacks the Helvetii while on migration and defeats them.
- **58 BCE - 57 BCE**: [Cicero](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cicero/) is exiled from [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **58 BCE - 51 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/)'s [conquest](https://www.worldhistory.org/warfare/) of [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/).
- **56 BCE**: The navies of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) and the Veneti Gauls clash resulting in a [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) victory. This is the first recorded naval [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) in the Atlantic Ocean.
- **55 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) attempts to invade [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/).
- **54 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) successfully invades [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/) but withdraws to [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/).
- **54 BCE - 53 BCE**: [Ambiorix](https://www.worldhistory.org/ambiorix/) of the Eburones tribe destroys around 9,000 [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) soldiers at Atuatuca.
- **54 BCE - 43 CE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) influence grows in [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/) owing to [trade](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/trade/).
- **53 BCE**: [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Carrhae. [Crassus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus/) is captured and executed by the Parthians.
- **52 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) is defeated at Gergovia by [Vercingetorix](https://www.worldhistory.org/vercingetorix/).
- **52 BCE**: After becoming trapped and besieged at Alesia, [Vercingetorix](https://www.worldhistory.org/vercingetorix/) surrenders to [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/).
- **51 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/)'s siege and capture of Uxellodunum ends the Gallic [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/).
- **49 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) crosses the [Rubicon](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Rubicon/). Civil [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) between Caesar and [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) begins.
- **49 BCE - 48 BCE**: Burebistas sends Acornion of Dionysopolis as ambassador to negotiate an alliance with [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/).
- **46 BCE**: The Bellovaci unsuccessfully rise against [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) rule in Belgica.
- **44 BCE**: The Allobroges unsuccessfully rise against [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) rule in southern [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/).
- **44 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) becomes dictator for life. On the 'Ides of March' (15th) he is killed by conspirators including Brutus and Cassius. [Octavian](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/), son of Caesar's niece Atia, is posthumously adopted as his heir.
- **43 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) statesman and orator [Cicero](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cicero/) dies.
- **43 BCE - 36 BCE**: [Second Triumvirate](https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Triumvirate/): [Antony](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mark_Antony/), [Octavian](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/), and Lepidus (official approval by the [Roman Senate](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Senate/)). Mass proscriptions including [Cicero](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cicero/).
- **42 BCE**: [Octavian](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) and [Antony](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mark_Antony/) defeat Republicans under Brutus and Cassius at the [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of [Philippi](https://www.worldhistory.org/Philippi/) ([Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/)).
- **36 BCE**: [Octavian](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) strips Lepidus of all power but Pontifex Maximus (supreme priest). Lepidus dies of old age in 12 BC.
- **33 BCE**: The Belgic Morini and the [Celts](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) of Aquitania unsuccessfully rise against [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) rule.
- **2 Sep 31 BCE**: The [Battle of Actium](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Actium/). [Octavian](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) defeats [Mark Antony](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mark_Antony/) and [Cleopatra VII](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cleopatra_VII/).
- **27 BCE**: [Octavian](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) is given extraordinary powers and the name [Augustus](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) by the [Roman Senate](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Senate/).
## 问答
### 罗马共和国何时推翻最后一位国王塔克文·苏佩布斯？
最后一位罗马国王塔克文·苏佩布斯于公元前 510 年被推翻。
### 罗马创始人特洛伊的埃涅阿斯的后裔是谁？
特洛伊城的埃涅阿斯的后裔是罗马的创始人罗慕路斯和雷穆斯，他们是战神玛尔斯与公主瑞亚·西尔维娅的私生子。
### 罗马公民分为哪两个阶级？
罗马公民分为贵族和平民两个阶级。
### 除罗马元老院外，还有哪两个人民会议？
除了罗马元老院之外，还有两个人民会议，即百人大会和平民会议。百人大会颁布法律、选举执政官和宣战。平民会议通过选举产生的保民官传达平民的意愿。
### 罗马与迦太基之间发生的一系列战争的名称是什么？
罗马与迦太基之间的一系列战争的名称被称为布匿战争。
### 谁在3月15日被暗杀了？
尤里乌斯·凯撒于公元前 44 年 3 月 15 日被暗杀。
## 外部链接
- [Interactive Map of the Roman Empire and Celtic Lands](http://resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm)
- [Rise of Roman Republic](http://ed.ted.com/on/LkLBl809)
- [In Our Time, The Roman Republic](http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y26w)
- [In Our Time, The Roman Republic](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y26w)
- [The History of Rome](https://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/)
- [The Roman Republic | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History](https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/romr/hd_romr.htm)
## 引用本文
### APA
Wasson, D. L. (2024, June 06). 罗马共和国. (J. Zhang, 翻译). *World History Encyclopedia*.
### Chicago
Wasson, Donald L.. "罗马共和国." 翻译： Jinfeng Zhang. *World History Encyclopedia*, June 06, 2024. .
### MLA
Wasson, Donald L.. "罗马共和国." 翻译： Jinfeng Zhang. *World History Encyclopedia*, 06 Jun 2024, .
## 许可与版权
提交人： [Jinfeng Zhang](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/jinfengzhang/ "User Page: Jinfeng Zhang"), 发表于 06 June 2024. 请查阅原始来源以获取版权信息。 请注意，从本页面链接的内容可能具有不同的许可条款。