--- title: 古希腊 author: Joshua J. Mark translator: Yangwei Li source: https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-119/ format: machine-readable-alternate license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) updated: 2026-08-30 --- # 古希腊 _作者： [Joshua J. Mark](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/JPryst/)_ _译者： [Yangwei Li](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/yangweili)_ [](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-22386/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-20669/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/2-2409/)希腊是欧洲东南部的一个国家，在希腊语中被称为“Hellas”或“Ellada”，由大陆部分和群岛组成。古希腊是西方哲学（苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德）、文学（荷马和赫西俄德）、数学（毕达哥拉斯和欧几里得）、历史（希罗多德）、戏剧（索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯和阿里斯托芬）、奥林匹克运动会和民主制度的发源地。 原子宇宙的概念最早由希腊人通过德谟克利特和留基伯的著作提出。今天的科学方法过程最早是由米利都的泰勒斯及其追随者引入的。拉丁字母也源自古希腊，于公元前8世纪通过腓尼基人的殖民活动传入该地区，而物理学和工程学的早期研究工作则由叙拉古希腊殖民地的阿基米德等人开创。 希腊大陆是一个巨大的半岛，三面环地中海（西部分支为爱奥尼亚海，东部分支为爱琴海），还包括被称为基克拉泽斯群岛和多德卡尼斯群岛（包括罗得岛）的岛屿、爱奥尼亚群岛（包括科基拉岛）、克里特岛以及被称为伯罗奔尼撒半岛的南部半岛。 希腊的地理环境对其文化产生了深远影响。由于自然资源匮乏且四面环水，人们最终转向海洋谋生。山脉覆盖了希腊80%的土地，仅有少量小河穿过这片多石的地区，而这片土地在很大程度上并不适宜农业发展。因此，早期的古希腊人殖民了邻近的岛屿，并在安纳托利亚（亦称小亚细亚，即今土耳其）沿岸建立了定居点。希腊人成为技艺娴熟的航海民族和商人，他们拥有丰富的石料建筑原材料，并凭借精湛的技艺，建造了古代世界一些最令人叹为观止的建筑。 ### “希腊”一词的词源 “希腊”（Hellas）这一名称源自丢卡利翁（Deucalion）和皮拉（Pyrrha）之子赫楞（Hellen）。丢卡利翁和皮拉在奥维德（Ovid）的《变形记》（Metamorphoses）中关于大洪水的故事里扮演了重要角色。神话中的丢卡利翁（其父是为人类带来火种的泰坦神普罗米修斯）是大洪水后人类的救世主，其角色类似于《圣经》版本中的诺亚（Noah）或美索不达米亚版本中的乌特纳比什蒂姆（Utnapishtim）。洪水退去后，丢卡利翁和皮拉通过投掷石块重新繁衍了大地上的居民，石块变成了人，其中第一个便是赫楞。与普遍看法相反，“Hellas”和“Ellada”与荷马《伊利亚特》（Iliad）中的特洛伊的海伦（Helen of Troy）毫无关系。不过，“Hellas”这一名称并非奥维德首创。修昔底德（Thucydides）在《历史》（Histories）第一卷中写道： > 我倾向于认为，“希腊人”（Hellenes）这个名称当时还没有用来指代整个民族，实际上在丢卡利翁之子赫楞（Hellen）的时代之前，这个名称根本不存在；各个部落——其中佩拉斯吉人（Pelasgians）分布最广——各自以自己的名称称呼不同的地区。但当赫楞及其子孙在弗提奥提斯（Phthiotis）强大起来后，其他城邦开始向他们寻求援助，那些与他们交往的人们逐渐开始被称为“希腊人”（Hellenes），不过经过了很长时间，这个名称才在整个民族中普遍使用。关于这一点，荷马提供了最有力的证据；因为尽管他生活在特洛伊战争之后很久，但在他的作品中从未用这个名称来统称全体希腊人，而是仅将其限于来自弗提奥提斯的阿喀琉斯的随从——他们才是最初的希腊人；当他提及全军时，他称他们为“达那俄斯人”（Danäans）、“阿尔戈斯人”（Argives）或“阿凯亚人”（Achaeans）。 [ ![Minoan Bull Leaping](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/396.jpg?v=1775473814) 米诺斯人举行的“公牛跳跃”仪式 Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/396/minoan-bull-leaping/ "Minoan Bull Leaping")### 古希腊早期历史 要理解古希腊历史，最简便的方法是将其划分为不同的历史时期。该地区在旧石器时代就已有人定居并开始了农业活动，这一点在佩特拉洛纳（Petralona）和弗兰克提（Franchthi）洞穴（世界上最古老的两处人类居住地）中发现的遗迹可以证明。新石器时代（约公元前6000年—约公元前2900年）的特点是出现了永久性定居点（主要位于希腊北部）、动物驯化以及农业的进一步发展。希腊北部（塞萨利、马其顿和塞斯克罗等地）的考古发现表明，当时存在来自安纳托利亚的移民，因为在那里发现的陶杯、陶碗和雕像与安纳托利亚新石器时代发现的物品具有共同的特征。这些内陆定居者主要是农民，因为希腊北部比该地区其他地方更适合农业发展，他们居住在单间石屋里，屋顶由木材和黏土涂抹而成。 基克拉迪文明（约公元前3200年—公元前1100年）在爱琴海诸岛（包括提洛岛、纳克索斯岛和帕罗斯岛）上繁盛一时，为该地区最早的人类持续居住提供了证据。在基克拉迪时期，房屋和神庙由精加工的石材建成，人们以捕鱼和贸易为生。这一时期通常分为三个阶段：早期基克拉迪、中期基克拉迪和晚期基克拉迪，艺术和建筑持续发展。后两个阶段与米诺斯文明重叠并最终融合，各时期之间的差异逐渐变得难以区分。 [ ![Cycladic Figurine c. 2400 BCE](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/913.jpg?v=1768801865) 克里亚迪斯雕像 约公元前 2400 年 Mary Harrsch (Photographed at the Getty Villa, Malibu) (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/913/cycladic-figurine-c-2400-bce/ "Cycladic Figurine c. 2400 BCE")米诺斯文明（公元前2700年—公元前1500年）在克里特岛上发展起来，并迅速成为该地区占主导地位的海上力量。“米诺斯”这一术语是由考古学家阿瑟·埃文斯爵士（Sir Arthur Evans）创造的，他于公元1900年发现了米诺斯王宫克诺索斯（Knossos），并以古代克里特国王米诺斯（Minos）的名字命名了这一文化。这个民族自己的名称已不得而知。米诺斯文明在公认的现代断代日期之前很久就已繁荣兴盛，正如基克拉迪文明一样，其存在时间可能早于公元前6000年。 米诺斯人发展出一种被称为“线性文字A”（Linear A）的书写系统（尚未被破译），并在造船、建筑、制陶、艺术、科学和战争等领域取得了进步。古代历史学家（包括修昔底德在内）认为米诺斯王是建立海军的第一人，他凭借海军殖民或征服了基克拉泽斯群岛。克里特岛上的考古和地质证据表明，该文明因土地过度使用导致森林砍伐而衰落，不过传统上人们认为他们是被迈锡尼人征服的。公元前1650年至公元前1550年间，附近锡拉岛（Thera，即今圣托里尼岛）上的火山喷发及其引发的海啸，被公认为导致米诺斯文明覆灭的最终原因。克里特岛被洪水淹没，城镇和村庄尽遭毁灭。这一事件常被引述为柏拉图在《克里提亚篇》（Critias）和《蒂迈欧篇》（Timaeus）对话录中创作亚特兰蒂斯（Atlantis）神话的灵感来源。 ### 迈锡尼人及其神明 迈锡尼文明（约公元前1900年—公元前1100年）通常被认为是希腊文化的开端，尽管我们对迈锡尼人几乎一无所知，只能通过考古发现以及荷马在《伊利亚特》中记载的他们与特洛伊战争的故事来了解。他们被归功于创立了这一文化，主要因其在建筑上的进步、书写系统的发展（即线性文字B，一种源自米诺斯线性文字A的早期希腊语形式），以及宗教仪式的确立或改进。迈锡尼人在崇拜地母神和天父神方面似乎深受克里特岛米诺斯人的影响，而这些神祇后来逐渐成为古典希腊神话中的诸神谱系。 [ ![Death Mask of Agamemnon](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/1235.jpg?v=1777741158) 阿伽门农的死亡面具 Xuan Che (CC BY) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1235/death-mask-of-agamemnon/ "Death Mask of Agamemnon")希腊神话提供了一个关于宇宙、世界和人类起源的坚实范式。一则早期神话讲述了创世之初，除了以无尽水域形式存在的混沌之外，空无一物。从这片混沌中诞生了女神欧律诺墨（Eurynome），她将水与空气分开，并与蛇神俄菲翁（Ophion）开始了她的创世之舞。通过他们的舞蹈，万物诞生，欧律诺墨最初便是伟大的母神和万物之创造者。 到赫西俄德和荷马写作的时代（公元前8世纪），这个故事已经演变为更为人熟知的神话，涉及泰坦巨神、宙斯与他们的战争，以及奥林匹斯众神的诞生，宙斯成为众神之首。这一转变表明从母权制宗教向父权制范式的运动。然而，无论遵循哪种模式，众神显然都经常与崇拜他们的人类互动，并且是古希腊日常生活中重要的一部分。在罗马人到来之前，希腊大陆上唯一不是牛径的道路是圣路（Sacred Way），它连接着雅典城和圣城埃莱夫西斯（Eleusis），后者是庆祝女神德墨忒尔（Demeter）及其女儿珀耳塞福涅（Persephone）的埃莱夫西斯秘仪的发源地。 [ ![Greater Propylaea of Eleusis](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/3507.jpg?v=1764496985) 埃琉西斯神庙的主门廊 Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/3507/greater-propylaea-of-eleusis/ "Greater Propylaea of Eleusis")到公元前1100年左右，即青铜时代崩溃时期，希腊西南部伟大的迈锡尼城邦被废弃，有人认为其文明是被多里安希腊人的入侵所摧毁。然而，关于迈锡尼文明衰落的原因，考古学证据尚无定论。由于这一时期没有书面记录存世（或尚未被发掘），人们只能对其原因进行推测。迄今为止发现的线性文字B泥板上，仅列有贸易交换或库存的物品清单。但似乎很清楚的是，在所谓的希腊黑暗时代（约公元前1100年—公元前800年，因缺乏文字记载而得名）之后，希腊人在小亚细亚大部分地区以及环绕希腊大陆的岛屿上持续进行殖民活动，并开始取得显著的文化进步。大约从公元前585年起，第一位希腊哲学家——米利都的泰勒斯（Thales of Miletus）在小亚细亚海岸从事着今天会被认为是科学探究的活动，而这一爱奥尼亚殖民地地区将在希腊哲学和数学方面取得重大突破。 ### 从古代时期到古典时期 古典时期（公元前800年—公元前500年）的特点是：以共和制取代君主制（在雅典则趋向于民主治理），并以独立的城邦（polis）为单位进行组织；法律制度的建立（雅典的德拉古改革）；泛雅典娜节的创立；独具特色的希腊陶器和希腊雕塑的诞生；以及在埃伊纳岛王国铸行了第一批硬币。这些都为古希腊古典时期的繁荣奠定了基础。古典时期通常指公元前500年至公元前400年，或更精确地说，是公元前480年至公元前323年——从希腊在萨拉米斯战役中获胜到亚历山大大帝去世。这是雅典的黄金时代，伯里克利在此期间启动了雅典卫城的建筑工程，并发表了那篇著名的悼词，以纪念公元前490年在马拉松战役中为保卫希腊而牺牲的将士。在这一时期，希腊几乎在人类知识的各个领域都达到了顶峰，古代伟大的思想家和艺术家（仅举菲迪亚斯、柏拉图、阿里斯托芬三例）灿若群星。列奥尼达和他的三百名斯巴达勇士在温泉关壮烈牺牲；同年（公元前480年），地米斯托克利在萨拉米斯击败了数量占优的波斯海军，最终于公元前479年在普拉提亚战役中彻底击败了波斯人。 民主（字面意思为：Demos=人民，Kratos=权力，即“人民的权力”）在雅典得以确立，允许所有年满二十岁的男性公民在希腊政府中拥有发言权。前苏格拉底哲学家们追随泰勒斯（Thales）的脚步，开创了后来成为科学方法的探索自然现象的道路。诸如阿那克西曼德（Anaximander）、阿那克西美尼（Anaximenes）、毕达哥拉斯（Pythagoras）、德谟克利特（Democritus）、色诺芬尼（Xenophanes）和赫拉克利特（Heraclitus）等人，摒弃了宇宙的神学模型，努力探寻生命与宇宙背后的最初根源。 他们的后继者，其中包括欧几里得（Euclid）和阿基米德（Archimedes），继续推进了希腊的科学和哲学探索，并进一步将数学确立为一门严肃的学科。苏格拉底的榜样以及其后的柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，影响西方文化和社会已逾两千年。这一时期在建筑和艺术方面也取得了进步，风格从理想主义转向现实主义。诸如帕特农神庙浮雕（Parthenon Marbles）和《掷铁饼者》（Discobolos）等著名的希腊雕塑作品便出自这一时期，它们集中体现了艺术家对真实描绘人类情感、美与成就的关注，即便这些特质体现在以神祇为主角的作品中。 [ ![The Parthenon](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/943.jpg?v=1775880330) 帕特农神庙 Andrew Griffith (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/943/the-parthenon/ "The Parthenon")所有这些文化发展之所以成为可能，皆因雅典在公元前480年战胜波斯之后崛起。波斯战败后带来的和平与繁荣为文化的兴盛提供了财力和稳定的环境。雅典成为当时的超级大国，凭借最强大的海军，能够向其他城邦索取贡赋并推行自己的意志。雅典组建了提洛同盟（Delian League），这是一个防御性联盟，其公开宣称的目的是阻止波斯人进一步发动战争。 然而，斯巴达城邦对雅典的诚意表示怀疑，并组建了自己的保护性联盟以对抗敌人，即伯罗奔尼撒同盟（Peloponnesian League，因其成员斯巴达及其他城邦位于伯罗奔尼撒地区而得名）。支持斯巴达的城邦日益视雅典为恃强凌弱的暴君，而支持雅典的城邦则对斯巴达及其盟友越来越不信任。双方之间的紧张关系最终爆发为所谓的伯罗奔尼撒战争。第一次冲突（约公元前460年—公元前445年）以休战告终，双方继续保持了繁荣；而第二次冲突（公元前431年—公元前404年）则使雅典沦为废墟，胜利者斯巴达在与底比斯的长期战争后也耗尽财力。 这一时期通常被称为古典时代晚期（约公元前400年—公元前330年）。这两座城邦衰落所留下的权力真空，由马其顿的腓力二世（Philip II of Macedon，公元前382年—公元前336年）填补，他于公元前338年在喀罗尼亚战役（Battle of Chaeronea）中击败了雅典军队及其盟友。腓力二世将希腊各城邦统一于马其顿的统治之下，他于公元前336年遇刺身亡后，其子亚历山大继承王位。 ### [亚历山大大帝](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-265/)与罗马的崛起 亚历山大大帝（公元前356年—公元前323年）继承了他父亲的计划，对波斯发动全面入侵，以报复波斯于公元前480年对希腊的入侵。由于他几乎统辖了整个希腊，拥有一支规模庞大、实力雄厚的常备军，以及充盈的国库，亚历山大无需在意盟友，也无需就他的入侵计划征询任何人的意见，于是他率军进入埃及，穿越小亚细亚，经波斯，最终抵达印度。亚历山大年轻时曾师从柏拉图的杰出学生亚里士多德，他通过自己的征服传播了希腊文明的理想，并在此过程中将希腊艺术、哲学、文化和语言传递到他接触的每一个地区。 [ ![Alexander the Great [Profile View]](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1047.jpg?v=1750706345) 亚历山大大帝（侧视图） Egisto Sani (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1047/alexander-the-great-profile-view/ "Alexander the Great [Profile View]")公元前323年，亚历山大去世，他庞大的帝国被他的四位将军瓜分。这开启了历史学家所称的希腊化时期（公元前323年—公元前31年），在此期间，希腊思想和文化在这些将军势力所及的各个地区占据了主导地位。在继业者战争（Diadochi，即亚历山大麾下将领们的称号）之后，安提柯一世（Antigonus I）建立了安提柯王朝（Antigonid Dynasty）统治希腊，但随后失去了政权。到公元前276年，他的孙子安提柯二世·贡纳塔斯（Antigonus II Gonatas）重新夺回统治权，并从马其顿的宫殿治理国家。 在此期间，罗马共和国日益介入希腊事务，于公元前168年在皮德纳战役（Battle of Pydna）中击败了马其顿。此后，希腊逐渐落入罗马的影响范围。公元前146年，该地区被定为罗马的保护国，罗马人开始效仿希腊的时尚、哲学，在某种程度上也效仿其审美情趣。公元前31年，屋大维·恺撒（Octavian Caesar）在亚克兴战役（Battle of Actium）中击败马克·安东尼（Mark Antony）和克利奥帕特拉（Cleopatra）后，将希腊吞并为罗马的一个行省。屋大维成为奥古斯都·恺撒（Augustus Caesar），希腊也成为罗马帝国的一部分。 #### Editorial Review This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/). ## 参考文献 - [Brendan Nagle, D. *The Ancient World.* Pearson, 2009.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0205637442/) - [Durant, W. *Caesar and Christ.* Simon and Schuster, 1972.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/B000TK5PNI/) - [Durant, W. *The Life of Greece.* Simon & Schuster, 2011.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/B004ZZS4YA/) - Graves, R. *The Greek Myths.* Penguin, NY, 1993 - [The Internet Classics Archive | The History of Herodotus by Herodotus](http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html "The Internet Classics Archive | The History of Herodotus by Herodotus"), accessed 1 Dec 2016. - [Thucydides Book I](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/thuc-hellenes.asp "Thucydides Book I"), accessed 1 Dec 2016. - [Waterfield, R. *The First Philosophers.* Oxford University Press, USA, 2009.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/019953909X/) ## 关于作者 约书亚·J·马克（Joshua J. Mark）是世界历史百科全书的联合创始人兼内容总监。他曾在纽约马里斯特学院（Marist College）担任教授，教授历史、哲学、文学和写作课程。他游历广泛，曾在希腊和德国生活。 - [Linkedin Profile](https://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-j-mark/38/614/339) ## 时间轴 - **c. 6000 BCE - 2900 BCE**: [Neolithic Age](https://www.worldhistory.org/Neolithic/) settlements in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), beginning of [agriculture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Agriculture/). - **c. 3200 BCE - 1100 BCE**: The Cycladic [Civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/civilization/) in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **2300 BCE**: [Bronze](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/bronze/) is used in the [Aegean](https://www.worldhistory.org/aegean/). - **2200 BCE - 1500 BCE**: The [Minoan Civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/Minoan_Civilization/) flourishes on [Crete](https://www.worldhistory.org/crete/), [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). King Minos establishes the first navy in the region. - **2000 BCE**: Early Greeks settle the [Peloponnese](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnese/). - **2000 BCE - 1450 BCE**: [Minoan civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/Minoan_Civilization/) in [Crete](https://www.worldhistory.org/crete/) and the [Aegean](https://www.worldhistory.org/aegean/). - **1900 BCE - 1100 BCE**: [Mycenaean civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/) in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) and the [Aegean](https://www.worldhistory.org/aegean/). - **1650 BCE - 1550 BCE**: Eruption of [Thera](https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/) and consequent tidal waves, destruction of [Akrotiri](https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/) and other [Aegean](https://www.worldhistory.org/aegean/) centres. - **1100 BCE**: Dorian peoples occupy [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **c. 1100 BCE**: Greeks implement use of individual tombs and graves. - **c. 1000 BCE**: The first distinctive [Greek pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Pottery/) is produced, the Proto-geometric style. - **c. 900 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) is founded. - **c. 900 BCE**: The Geometric style of [Greek pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Pottery/) is first produced. - **c. 800 BCE - c. 700 BCE**: [Homer](https://www.worldhistory.org/homer/) of [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) writes his *[Iliad](https://www.worldhistory.org/iliad/)* and *[Odyssey](https://www.worldhistory.org/Odyssey/)*. - **800 BCE - 500 BCE**: [Greek colonization](https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Colonization/) of the [Mediterranean](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/mediterranean/) and Black Sea. - **c. 800 BCE - 500 BCE**: [Archaic period](https://www.worldhistory.org/Archaic_Period/) of [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **c. 740 BCE - c. 433 BCE**: [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) [poleis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polis/) or [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/)-states establish colonies in [Magna Graecia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Magna_Graecia/). - **733 BCE**: [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) founds the colony of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/). - **683 BCE - 682 BCE**: List of annual archons at [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) begins. - **c. 660 BCE**: Pheidon is tyrant in [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/). - **c. 657 BCE - 585 BCE**: The Kypselidai are tyrants of [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **650 BCE**: Earliest large scale [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) marble [sculpture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Sculpture/). - **c. 650 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) crushes Messenian revolt. - **650 BCE - 600 BCE**: Age of [law](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/law/)-givers in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **c. 625 BCE**: [Black-figure pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/Black_Figure_Pottery/) created in [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **c. 625 BCE - 600 BCE**: The orientalizing style of [Greek pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Pottery/) becomes popular in [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **594 BCE - 593 BCE**: In [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) the archon [Solon](https://www.worldhistory.org/solon/) lays the foundations for democracy. - **580 BCE - 376 BCE**: [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) and [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) fight for dominance in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/). - **c. 560 BCE**: [Pisistratos](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pisistratus/) becomes tyrant in [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) for the first time. - **c. 550 BCE - c. 366 BCE**: [Peloponnesian League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_League/) alliance between [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/), [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/), Elis and [Tegea](https://www.worldhistory.org/Tegea/) which establishes Spartan hegemony over the [Peloponnese](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnese/). - **546 BCE - 545 BCE**: Persian [conquest](https://www.worldhistory.org/warfare/) of Ionian [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/)-states. - **539 BCE**: [Etruscan](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/) & Carthaginian alliance expels the Greeks from Corsica. - **535 BCE - 522 BCE**: [Polycrates](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polycrates/) rules as tyrant of [Samos](https://www.worldhistory.org/samos/). - **c. 530 BCE**: [Red-figure pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/Red-Figure_Pottery/) style takes precedent over black-figure. - **530 BCE**: The Andokides Painter invents [red-figure pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/Red-Figure_Pottery/). - **c. 525 BCE - c. 456 BCE**: Life of [Greek tragedy](https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Tragedy/) poet [Aeschylus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Aeschylus/). - **522 BCE**: [Darius I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Darius_I/) ([Darius the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Darius_I/)) succeeds to the throne of [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/) after the [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) of [Cambyses II](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cambyses_II/). - **514 BCE**: Fall of the Peisistratid tyranny in [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). - **514 BCE**: The tyrant of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) Hipparchos is killed by Harmodios and Aristogeiton - the 'tyrannicides'. - **c. 508 BCE**: Reforms by [Cleisthenes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cleisthenes/) establishes democracy in [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). - **499 BCE - 493 BCE**: Ionian [cities](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) rebel against Persian rule. - **c. 498 BCE**: Ionians and [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) allies invade and burn [Sardis](https://www.worldhistory.org/sardis/) (capital of [Lydia](https://www.worldhistory.org/lydia/)). - **c. 497 BCE - c. 454 BCE**: [Alexander](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Alexander/) I reigns as king of [Macedon](https://www.worldhistory.org/macedon/). - **c. 495 BCE**: Birth of [Pericles](https://www.worldhistory.org/pericles/). - **492 BCE**: [Darius I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Darius_I/) of [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/) invades [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **11 Sep 490 BCE**: A combined force of [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) hoplites defeat the Persians at [Marathon](https://www.worldhistory.org/marathon/). - **487 BCE - 486 BCE**: Archons begin to be appointed by lot in [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). - **486 BCE**: [Xerxes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Xerxes_I/) succeeds to the throne of [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/) after the [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) of [Darius I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Darius_I/). - **c. 484 BCE - 407 BCE**: Life of [Greek tragedy](https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Tragedy/) poet [Euripides](https://www.worldhistory.org/Euripides/). - **c. 483 BCE**: [Themistocles](https://www.worldhistory.org/Themistocles/) persuades the Athenians to significantly expand their fleet, which saves them at [Salamis](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Salamis/) and becomes their source of power. - **480 BCE - 323 BCE**: The Classical Period in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **Jul 480 BCE**: [Xerxes I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Xerxes_I/) makes extensive preparations to invade mainland [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) by building depots, canals and a boat bridge across the Hellespont. - **Aug 480 BCE**: [Battle of Thermopylae](https://www.worldhistory.org/thermopylae/). 300 Spartans under King [Leonidas](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Leonidas/) and other [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) allies hold back the Persians led by [Xerxes I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Xerxes_I/) for three days but are defeated. - **Aug 480 BCE**: The indecisive [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Artemision between the [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) and Persian fleets of [Xerxes I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Xerxes_I/). The Greeks withdraw to [Salamis](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Salamis/). - **Sep 480 BCE**: [Battle of Salamis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Salamis/) where the [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) naval fleet led by [Themistocles](https://www.worldhistory.org/Themistocles/) defeats the invading armada of [Xerxes I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Xerxes_I/) of [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/). - **479 BCE**: [Xerxes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Xerxes_I/)' Persian forces are defeated by [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) forces at [Plataea](https://www.worldhistory.org/Plataea/) effectively ending [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/)'s imperial ambitions in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **479 BCE - 432 CE**: The period of [Thucydides](https://www.worldhistory.org/Thucydides/)' Pentecontaetia in ancient [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **478 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) withdraws from alliance against [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/). - **478 BCE - 404 BCE**: The [Delian League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Delian_League/) in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), led by [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). - **c. 469 BCE - 399 BCE**: Life of [Socrates](https://www.worldhistory.org/socrates/). - **c. 462 BCE - 458 BCE**: [Pericles](https://www.worldhistory.org/pericles/) introduces democratic institutions in [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). - **460 BCE - 445 BCE**: First [Peloponnesian War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_War/). - **c. 460 BCE - c. 380 BCE**: Life of [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) comic poet [Aristophanes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Aristophanes/). - **c. 460 BCE - c. 320 CE**: Period of full and direct citizen democracy in [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). - **457 BCE**: Hegemony of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) over central [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **451 BCE**: Thirty years peace between [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/) and [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/). - **c. 451 BCE - c. 403 CE**: Life of Athenian statesman and general [Alcibiades](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alcibiades/). - **c. 449 BCE**: Ionian [cities](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) become independent from [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/) under the [Peace of Callias](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peace_of_Callias/). - **c. 449 BCE**: Peace is agreed on by [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) and [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/), sometimes referred to as the [Peace of Callias](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peace_of_Callias/). - **449 BCE - 448 BCE**: Peace between [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) and [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/). - **447 BCE - 432 BCE**: The construction of the [Parthenon](https://www.worldhistory.org/parthenon/) in [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) by the architects Iktinos and Kallikrates under the direction of [Phidias](https://www.worldhistory.org/Phidias/). - **446 BCE - 445 BCE**: Thirty years peace between [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) and Peloponnesians. - **431 BCE - 404 BCE**: The 2nd [Peloponnesian War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_War/) between [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) and [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) (the [Delian League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Delian_League/) and the [Peloponnesian League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_League/)) which involved all of [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **c. 430 BCE - 415 BCE**: The *Histories* of [Herodotus](https://www.worldhistory.org/herodotus/) is published. The work is divided into nine chapters, each dedicated to one of the [Muses](https://www.worldhistory.org/muse/). - **427 BCE - 347 BCE**: Life of [Plato](https://www.worldhistory.org/plato/). - **421 BCE**: Peace of [Nicias](https://www.worldhistory.org/Nicias/), a truce between the Delian and Peloponnesian Leagues. - **420 BCE**: Democritos develops an atomic theory of matter. - **412 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) allies with [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/). - **404 BCE**: End of the [Peloponnesian war](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_War/), [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) defeated By [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) at Aigospotamoi, Rule of [the Thirty Tyrants](https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Thirty_Tyrants/) in Athens. - **400 BCE**: [Pepper](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pepper/) is known in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **400 BCE - 330 BCE**: The Late Classical Period in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **399 BCE**: Trial and [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) of the philosopher [Socrates](https://www.worldhistory.org/socrates/), who taught in the court of the [Agora](https://www.worldhistory.org/agora/). - **c. 398 BCE - c. 380 BCE**: [Plato](https://www.worldhistory.org/plato/) travels in [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/), [Cyrene](https://www.worldhistory.org/cyrene/), [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) and [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/). - **395 BCE - 386 BCE**: The Corinthian Wars between [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) and an alliance of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/), [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/), [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/), Boeotia and [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/). - **384 BCE - 322 BCE**: Life of [Aristotle](https://www.worldhistory.org/aristotle/). - **c. 384 BCE - 322 CE**: Life of Athenian statesman [Demosthenes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Demosthenes/). - **380 BCE**: [Plato](https://www.worldhistory.org/plato/) founds his Academy outside of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). - **371 BCE**: [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/), led by [Epaminondas](https://www.worldhistory.org/Epaminondas/), defeats [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) in the [Battle of Leuctra](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Leuctra/). - **371 BCE - 362 BCE**: [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/) is the dominant [city-state](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polis/) in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **6 Jul 371 BCE**: The [Battle of Leuctra](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Leuctra/) is fought between the Boeotian League, led by the [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/), and the forces of [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) resulting in a Theban victory and shattering the illusion of Sparta's invincibility. - **359 BCE - 336 BCE**: Reign of [Philip II of Macedon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Philip_II_of_Macedon/). - **356 BCE**: Third [Social War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Social_War/) in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **21 Jul 356 BCE - 11 Jun 323 BCE**: Life of [Alexander the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_the_Great/). - **350 BCE**: The [Scythians](https://www.worldhistory.org/Scythians/) have absorbed a lot of [Greek culture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Greek_Culture/); [Scythian](https://www.worldhistory.org/Scythians/) artefacts show [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/)-style depictions. - **347 BCE**: [Plato](https://www.worldhistory.org/plato/) dies at his Academy. - **343 BCE**: King [Philip II of Macedon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Philip_II_of_Macedon/) summons [Aristotle](https://www.worldhistory.org/aristotle/) to tutor his young son [Alexander](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Alexander/) (later 'The Great'). - **336 BCE - 323 BCE**: Reign of [Alexander the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_the_Great/). - **May 334 BCE**: [Alexander the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_the_Great/) invades the Persian [Achaemenid Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaemenid_Empire/). - **331 BCE**: [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/) is conquered by [Alexander the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_the_Great/) without resistance. - **323 BCE - 31 BCE**: [Hellenistic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hellenic_World/) [civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/civilization/) in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), the [Mediterranean](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/mediterranean/) and Asia. - **323 BCE - 31 BCE**: The [Hellenistic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hellenic_World/) Age. [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) thought and [culture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/culture/) infuses with indigenous people. - **320 BCE**: Last recorded examples of Attic [Red-Figure Pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/Red-Figure_Pottery/). - **310 BCE**: Assassination of [Roxanne](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roxanne/) and [Alexander](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Alexander/) IV, wife and son of [Alexander the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_the_Great/). - **c. 280 BCE**: Founding of the [Achaean League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaean_League/) in the [Peloponnese](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnese/) of [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **c. 270 BCE**: [Aristarchus of Samos](https://www.worldhistory.org/Aristarchus_of_Samos/) proposes a heliocentric world view. - **168 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) defeats [Macedon](https://www.worldhistory.org/macedon/) at [Battle of Pydna](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Pydna/). - **146 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) sacks [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) and dissolves the [Achaean league](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaean_League/). [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) is ruled by Rome. - **146 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) influence over [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) begins to rise. - **140 BCE**: [Venus](https://www.worldhistory.org/venus/) of Milo is completed. - **88 BCE - 63 BCE**: Mithridates of Pontus fights three wars to free [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) from [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **86 BCE**: The [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) general [Sulla](https://www.worldhistory.org/sulla/) sacks [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) and the port of [Piraeus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Piraeus/). - **31 BCE**: [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) absorbed into [Roman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/). - **42 CE - 62 CE**: [Paul the Apostle](https://www.worldhistory.org/Paul_the_Apostle/) goes on missionary journeys across [Asia Minor](https://www.worldhistory.org/Asia_Minor/), [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), and [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **c. 50 CE - c. 60 CE**: Establishment of various Christian communities in the Eastern [Mediterranean](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/mediterranean/), [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/), and at least the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **257 CE - 263 CE**: The [Goths](https://www.worldhistory.org/Goths/) raid [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **267 CE**: The [Goths](https://www.worldhistory.org/Goths/) sack [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/), [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/), [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/), and [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/). - **21 Jul 365 CE**: The [Crete](https://www.worldhistory.org/crete/) [Earthquake](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/earthquake/) of 365 strikes near the island of Crete with an estimated magnitude of 8.5, destroying Cretan towns and [cities](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) and unleashing a tsunami that severely damaged settlements from [Cyprus](https://www.worldhistory.org/cyprus/) to [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/) and other regions from modern-day Libya to Spain with tremendous loss of life. - **26 Sep 1371 CE**: The [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Maritsa takes place by the Maritsa River, modern-day [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), between the forces of the Serbian [Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/empire/) and those of the [Ottoman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Ottoman_Empire/), ending in a victory for the Ottomans and the end of Serbian power in the region. - **3 May 1481 CE**: The Great [Rhodes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rhodes/) [Earthquake](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/earthquake/) strikes the Island of Rhodes at 3:00 am, registering an estimated 7.1 magnitude on the Richter scale and triggering a tsunami which resulted in the deaths of 30,000 people and the destruction of the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of Rhodes. - **2 Oct 1540 CE**: The [Ottoman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Ottoman_Empire/) and Venice sign the peace treaty ending the Third Ottoman-Venetian [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) of 1537-1540, ceding Venice's territories in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) to the Ottomans. - **7 Oct 1571 CE**: The naval [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Lepanto is fought between the European Holy League of Catholic states and the [Ottoman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Ottoman_Empire/) in the Gulf of Patras, Ionian Sea, ending in a victory for the Holy League and crushing defeat for the Ottomans. The battle takes its name from the Ottoman naval base the fleet sailed from. - **8 Apr 1820 CE**: The famous statue [Venus](https://www.worldhistory.org/venus/) de Milo is discovered on the island of Milos by the [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) farmer Yorgos Kentrotas. It was found in pieces, restored, and acquired by French authorities who placed it in the Louvre Museum, where it remains today. - **13 Jan 1822 CE**: The design of the [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) flag is approved by the First National Assembly at [Epidaurus](https://www.worldhistory.org/epidaurus/). - **3 May 1837 CE**: The University of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) is founded in Athens, [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), by King Otto of Greece and originally called the "Othonian University" in his honor. The original four faculties were Arts, [Law](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/law/), [Medicine](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/medicine/), and Theology. - **12 Oct 1856 CE**: The 1856 Heraklion [Earthquake](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/earthquake/) strikes the island of [Crete](https://www.worldhistory.org/crete/) with an estimated magnitude of 7.7 to 8.3 near the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of Heraklion, destroying it and damaging others. The earthquake also toppled buildings in [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/), [Cyprus](https://www.worldhistory.org/cyprus/), [Rhodes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rhodes/), [Turkey](https://www.worldhistory.org/Asia_Minor/), and other regions of the Middle East, killing over 600 people. - **21 May 1864 CE**: The Ionian Islands are reunited with [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) when Great [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/) returns them through the Treaty of London. The islands then became part of the Kingdom of Greece, though Britain retained maritime access to the port of [Corfu](https://www.worldhistory.org/corcyra/). - **6 Apr 1896 CE**: The first modern [Olympic Games](https://www.worldhistory.org/Olympic_Games/) are held in [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/), [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) with the opening ceremony on 6 April, 1,500 years after they were banned by [Roman Emperor](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Emperor/) Theodosius I. Sports included athletics, cycling, fencing, gymnastics, shooting, swimming, tennis, weightlifting, and wrestling. The first champion was American James Connolly for the triple jump. - **17 May 1902 CE**: The [Antikythera Mechanism](https://www.worldhistory.org/Antikythera_Mechanism/) is discovered by [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) archaeologist Valerios Stais in a workroom of the National Archaeological Museum of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). The device was found in a shipwreck in 1900 and objects recovered but the mechanism was only a lump of corroded [metal](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/metal/) until Stais noticed it had a gear wheel. - **18 Aug 1917 CE**: The Great [Thessaloniki](https://www.worldhistory.org/Thessalonica/) Fire of 1917 breaks out when a spark from a kitchen fire ignites a nearby pile of straw and the wind fans the flames toward neighboring houses. The fire burned throughout the 19th, destroying 32% of the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) and leaving most of the citizens homeless and jobless. ## 外部链接 - [The Greek-Canadian archaeological excavations at Argilos](http://www.argilos.net) - [HISTORY OF IDEAS - Ancient Greece](https://ed.ted.com/on/ryuZjq92) - [Introduction to Hellas - Ancient Greek Society](https://ed.ted.com/on/kTTe9ocM) - [A day in the life of an ancient Athenian - Robert Garland](https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-day-in-the-life-of-an-ancient-athenian-robert-garland) - [The Internet Classics Archive](http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Aristotle.html) - [33 Ancient Greece Facts You Won't Find In History Textbooks](https://allthatsinteresting.com/ancient-greece-facts) - [The History of Herodotus by Herodotus](http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html) - [Conflict & War - Ancient Greek Society](https://ed.ted.com/on/evZTeXCo) - [Women & The Family - Ancient Greek Society 08](https://ed.ted.com/on/GqsNsQ92) - [Ancient Greek Warriors](http://www.ancientmilitary.com/greek-warriors.htm) - [THEOI GREEK MYTHOLOGY](https://www.theoi.com/) - [Internet History Sourcebooks](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/thuc-hellenes.asp) - [The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides](http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.html) - [Internet History Sourcebooks](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/xenophon-anabasis.asp) - [Plutarch - The Internet Classics Archive](http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Plutarch.html) - [The Iliad - The Internet Classics Archive](http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html) - [The Odyssey - The Internet Classics Archive](http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/odyssey.html) - [The Theogony of Hesiod](http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/theogony.htm) - [Hesiod: Works and Days](http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/works.htm) - [Ancient Greece](https://ancient-greece.org/) ## 引用本文 ### APA Mark, J. J. (2026, August 30). 古希腊. (Y. Li, 翻译). *World History Encyclopedia*. ### Chicago Mark, Joshua J.. "古希腊." 翻译： Yangwei Li. *World History Encyclopedia*, August 30, 2026. . ### MLA Mark, Joshua J.. "古希腊." 翻译： Yangwei Li. *World History Encyclopedia*, 30 Aug 2026, . ## 许可与版权 提交人： [Yangwei Li](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/yangweili/ "User Page: Yangwei Li"), 发表于 30 August 2026. 请查阅原始来源以获取版权信息。 请注意，从本页面链接的内容可能具有不同的许可条款。