--- title: Peloponeso author: Mark Cartwright translator: Filipa Oliveira source: https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-161/peloponeso/ format: machine-readable-alternate license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) updated: 2026-07-10 --- # Peloponeso _Escrito por [Mark Cartwright](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/)_ _Traduzido por [Filipa Oliveira](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/filipaoliveira)_ O Peloponeso é uma vasta península ligada ao território continental da Grécia pelo Istmo de [Corinto](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-218/corinto/). A oeste do Peloponeso situa-se o Mar Jónico, enquanto a leste se encontra o Mar [Egeu](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-118/egeu/). O terreno caracteriza-se por altas montanhas de calcário, planícies costeiras estreitas e portos naturais rochosos. A região albergou várias cidades importantes na antiguidade, tais como Micenas, Argos, Megalópolis, [Esparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-197/esparta/), Élis, Messénia e Corinto. A região contém também importantes locais religiosos antigos como [Olímpia](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-12013/olimpia/), Epidauro, Ístmia e Nemeia, que acolhiam regularmente jogos desportivos pan-helénicos, nomeadamente os Jogos Olímpicos. ### A Idade do Bronze Habitado desde os tempos pré-históricos, o nome Peloponeso (em grego *Peloponessos*, um termo usado pela primeira vez no período Arcaico) significa "ilha de Pélops" e deriva do mítico rei Pélops, que se acreditava ter unificado a região. As planícies costeiras eram exploradas para a produção agrícola, o que permitiu o crescimento de importantes povoações da Idade do Bronze, como Micenas, Argos e Tirinto na planície de Argos, Esparta na planície da Lacónia e Messene, no sudoeste. A [civilização](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-10175/civilizacao/) micénica é notável pela sua expansão por todo o Egeu, pela sua arquitetura de palácios e túmulos, pelas suas finas peças de joalharia em ouro e por ser a origem de histórias tão famosas como a [Guerra de Troia](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-10357/guerra-de-troia/). A civilização colapsou algures no século XII a.C., talvez devido a catástrofes naturais, sobrepopulação, agitação social e política interna, invasões de tribos estrangeiras ou uma combinação de todos ou vários destes fatores. ### Os Períodos Arcaico e Clássico Durante os períodos Arcaico e Clássico, Corinto, em particular, estava idealmente situada para controlar lucrativas rotas comerciais terrestres e marítimas que ligavam a Grécia ao resto do Mediterrâneo. Muitas das cidades do Peloponeso combateram nas Guerras Médicas (ou [Guerras Persas](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-1003/guerras-persas/)) do início do século V a.C. e algumas formaram uma aliança informal para fins de ação militar, conhecida como a Liga do Peloponeso (cerca de 505 a.C. – 365 a.C.). Os gregos referiam-se, na verdade, a esta aliança como "os lacedemónios e os seus aliados", em referência à sua cidade-estado líder, Esparta. As relações nem sempre foram pacíficas entre os membros, mas estes uniram-se eficazmente para grandes conflitos, nomeadamente na Guerra do Peloponeso, entre 431 e 404 a.C., contra [Atenas](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-292/atenas/) e os seus aliados. Sempre uma fonte de instabilidade regional, Corinto formou uma aliança com Argos, a Beócia, Tebas e Atenas para combater Esparta nas Guerras Coríntias, de 395 a 386 a.C. O conflito foi travado em grande parte no mar e terminou com a derrota dos Coríntios. Por sua vez, Esparta perderia a sua dominância regional na sua desastrosa derrota frente a Tebas na [Batalha de Leuctra](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-12059/batalha-de-leuctra/), em 371 a.C. Pior ainda para a região, em 338 a.C., Filipe da Macedónia derrotou as forças gregas aliadas de Atenas, Tebas e Corinto na Batalha de Queroneia. Seguiu-se então um período instável, durante o qual a região foi governada por uma sucessão de reis helenísticos. [ ![Temple of Apollo, Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/533.jpg?v=1778606405) Templo de Apolo, Corinto Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/533/temple-of-apollo-corinth/ "Temple of Apollo, Corinth")### Os Períodos Helenístico e Romano A Liga Aqueia (também conhecida como Confederação Aqueia) foi uma federação de 12 estados no nordeste do Peloponeso, formada originalmente no século V a.C. Inicialmente aliada de Atenas, a Liga passou a estar sob controlo espartano. No século III a.C., a Liga expandiu o seu controlo territorial, chegando a subjugar Esparta, e, no final do século, tornou-se aliada da Macedónia. No século II a.C., os aqueus opuseram-se à Macedónia e assinaram um tratado de aliança com Roma. Em meados do século II a.C., Roma, cansada das disputas internas e provocações da região, destruiu Corinto (146 a.C.) e o Peloponeso tornou-se, juntamente com o norte da Grécia, a província romana da Acaia. Patras (a moderna Patras), que podia controlar as rotas comerciais através da entrada ocidental do Golfo de Corinto, tornou-se uma importante *colonia* romana. Gítio e Metone foram outras cidades importantes neste período, uma vez que estavam convenientemente localizadas ao longo das rotas marítimas de este para oeste. Corinto recuperou parte do seu estatuto anterior quando [Júlio César](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-95/julio-cesar/) fundou a sua colónia no local, em 44 a.C. A cidade tornou-se um importante centro administrativo e comercial e, após a visita de São Paulo entre os anos de 51 e 52 d.C., Corinto tornou-se o centro do [cristianismo primitivo](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/2-1205/cristianismo-primitivo/) na Grécia. Corinto, e o Peloponeso em geral, entraram em declínio quando as tribos germânicas dos Hérulos e de [Alarico](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/pt/1-13229/alarico/) atacaram a região em 267 e 396, respetivamente. #### Editorial Review This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/). ## Bibliografia - Bagnall, R.S. et al. *The Encyclopedia of Ancient History.* Wiley-Blackwell, 2012 - [Hornblower, S. *The Oxford Classical Dictionary.* Oxford University Press, 2012.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0199545561/) - [Kinzl (ed) et al. *A Companion to the Classical Greek World.* Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/1444334123/) ## Sobre o Autor Mark é Diretor Editorial da WHE, mestre em Filosofia Política pela Universidade de York. Investigador em tempo integral, é também escritor, historiador e editor. Os seus interesses particulares incluem arte, arquitetura e a descoberta das ideias partilhadas por todas as civilizações. ## Histórico - **6000 BCE - 5000 BCE**: First inhabitation of the Nemean valley. - **c. 5000 BCE**: Earliest [Neolithic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Neolithic/) finds in the [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) area. - **c. 3000 BCE**: First settlement at [Tiryns](https://www.worldhistory.org/tiryns/). - **3000 BCE - 2000 BCE**: First inhabitation of [Mycenae](https://www.worldhistory.org/mycenae/) area. - **c. 2100 BCE**: First evidence of building structures at [Mycenae](https://www.worldhistory.org/mycenae/). - **2000 BCE**: Early Greeks settle the [Peloponnese](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnese/). - **c. 1600 BCE**: First construction stages of the [Tiryns](https://www.worldhistory.org/tiryns/) citadel. - **c. 1550 BCE**: [Gold](https://www.worldhistory.org/gold/) [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) masks (including that of '[Agamemnon](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Agamemnon/)') made at [Mycenae](https://www.worldhistory.org/mycenae/). - **c. 1500 BCE - c. 1400 BCE**: First [palace](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/palace/) structure and Treasury of [Atreus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Atreus/) [tomb](https://www.worldhistory.org/tomb/) built at [Mycenae](https://www.worldhistory.org/mycenae/). - **c. 1500 BCE - 1200 BCE**: [Mycenae](https://www.worldhistory.org/mycenae/) at its peak of influence. - **c. 1500 BCE - c. 1200 BCE**: The [Linear B script](https://www.worldhistory.org/Linear_B_Script/) of the [Mycenaean civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/) is in use. - **c. 1450 BCE**: Mycenaen influence extended to [Knossos](https://www.worldhistory.org/knossos/), [Crete](https://www.worldhistory.org/crete/). - **1400 BCE - 1300 BCE**: [Mycenaean](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/) [palace](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/palace/) [architecture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/architecture/) at [Tiryns](https://www.worldhistory.org/tiryns/). - **1400 BCE - 1300 BCE**: [Mycenaean](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/) fortifications, palaces and tombs constructed at [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/). - **1400 BCE - 1100 BCE**: [Culture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/culture/) in the [Cyclades](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cyclades/) is increasingly influenced by the [Mycenaean civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/) of mainland [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **c. 1300 BCE**: First [palace](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/palace/) destroyed at [Mycenae](https://www.worldhistory.org/mycenae/) and repaired, Lion Gate added and fortifications extended. - **1300 BCE - 1200 BCE**: [Mycenaean](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/) [Tiryns](https://www.worldhistory.org/tiryns/) is at the height of its importance. - **c. 1200 BCE**: [Earthquake](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/earthquake/) severely damages [Tiryns](https://www.worldhistory.org/tiryns/). - **c. 1200 BCE**: Second [palace](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/palace/) destroyed at [Mycenae](https://www.worldhistory.org/mycenae/), [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) begins to decline. - **1200 BCE - 1100 BCE**: [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/) takes over from [Mycenae](https://www.worldhistory.org/mycenae/) as most important regional power in the Argolid. - **c. 900 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) is founded. - **c. 700 BCE**: Corinthians adopt the [trireme](https://www.worldhistory.org/trireme/) from the [Phoenicians](https://www.worldhistory.org/phoenicia/). - **c. 700 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/), [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/) and [Paros](https://www.worldhistory.org/Paros/) hold the first documented musical competitions in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **700 BCE - 600 BCE**: King Phiedon leads [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/) to its greatest expansion. - **c. 657 BCE - 585 BCE**: The Kypselidai are tyrants of [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **c. 650 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) crushes Messenian revolt. - **c. 627 BCE - c. 587 BCE**: [Periander](https://www.worldhistory.org/Periander/) is tyrant at [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **c. 625 BCE**: [Black-figure pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/Black_Figure_Pottery/) created in [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **c. 600 BCE - 700 BCE**: [Tiryns](https://www.worldhistory.org/tiryns/) becomes a cult centre for the worship of [Hera](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hera/), [Athena](https://www.worldhistory.org/athena/), and [Herakles](https://www.worldhistory.org/hercules/). - **585 BCE**: An oligarchy of 80 takes power at [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **580 BCE**: First athletic games at [Isthmia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Isthmia/). - **c. 580 BCE**: The kouroi of [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/), thought to represent Cleobis & Biton, are sculpted. - **573 BCE**: First athletic games at [Nemea](https://www.worldhistory.org/nemea/) in honour of [Zeus](https://www.worldhistory.org/zeus/). - **c. 550 BCE**: The [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of [Apollo](https://www.worldhistory.org/apollo/) is constructed at [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **c. 550 BCE - c. 366 BCE**: [Peloponnesian League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_League/) alliance between [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/), [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/), Elis and [Tegea](https://www.worldhistory.org/Tegea/) which establishes Spartan hegemony over the [Peloponnese](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnese/). - **c. 545 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) takes control of Thyrea from [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/). - **494 BCE - 493 BCE**: Spartan forces under Cleomenes I attack the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/). - **494 BCE - 493 BCE**: [Telesilla of Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/Telesilla_of_Argos/) defends her [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) against the Spartan forces with an army of [women](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/women/). - **c. 490 BCE**: [Leonidas](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Leonidas/) beomes one of [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/)'s two kings. - **478 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) withdraws from alliance against [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/). - **c. 468 BCE**: [Tiryns](https://www.worldhistory.org/tiryns/) is destroyed by the Argeians. - **468 BCE**: Argeians destroy citadel of [Mycenae](https://www.worldhistory.org/mycenae/). - **460 BCE - 445 BCE**: First [Peloponnesian War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_War/). - **451 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) and [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/) sign a peace treaty which endures for the next 30 years. - **432 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) declares that [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) has broken the Thirty Year Peace and prepares for [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/). - **431 BCE - 404 BCE**: The 2nd [Peloponnesian War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_War/) between [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) and [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) (the [Delian League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Delian_League/) and the [Peloponnesian League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_League/)) which involved all of [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **431 BCE - 404 BCE**: [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/) sides with [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) against [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) in the [Peloponnesian War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_War/). - **429 BCE**: Peloponnesian forces led by [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) begin the siege of [Plataea](https://www.worldhistory.org/Plataea/). - **425 BCE**: [Pylos](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pylos/) campaign, under Cleon and [Demosthenes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Demosthenes/)' command [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) defeats [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) at Pylos. - **424 BCE**: Spartan general [Brasidas](https://www.worldhistory.org/Brasidas/) takes [Amphipolis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Amphipolis/), [Thucydides](https://www.worldhistory.org/Thucydides/) failed to prevent this and is exiled. - **424 BCE**: A force of Athenian peltasts defeat Spartan hoplites on Sphaktria in the [Peloponnese](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnese/). - **418 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/), led by Agis II, defeats [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/) and her allies at the [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Mantinaea. - **415 BCE - 330 BCE**: Nemean Games relocated to [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/). - **412 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) allies with [Persia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Persia/). - **410 BCE**: [Alcibiades](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alcibiades/) leads the Athenian fleet to victory over [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) at Cyzicus. - **404 BCE**: End of the [Peloponnesian war](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_War/), [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) defeated By [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) at Aigospotamoi, Rule of [the Thirty Tyrants](https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Thirty_Tyrants/) in Athens. - **395 BCE - 386 BCE**: The Corinthian Wars between [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) and an alliance of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/), [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/), [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/), Boeotia and [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/). - **390 BCE**: Athenian leader Iphikrates employs peltasts to defeat Spartan hoplites at Lechaion near [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **382 BCE - 379 BCE**: [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) establishes a garrison at [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/). - **375 BCE**: [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/) defeats [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) at the [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Tegyra. - **371 BCE**: [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/), led by [Epaminondas](https://www.worldhistory.org/Epaminondas/), defeats [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) in the [Battle of Leuctra](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Leuctra/). - **362 BCE**: Indecisive [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Matinea where [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/) fought against [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) and [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). Theban general [Epaminondas](https://www.worldhistory.org/Epaminondas/) is killed. - **338 BCE**: Philip of Macedonia defeats the [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) allied forces of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/), [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/) and [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) in the [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Chaironeia. - **330 BCE**: Athletic Games return from [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/) to [Nemea](https://www.worldhistory.org/nemea/). - **c. 330 BCE**: [Temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of [Zeus](https://www.worldhistory.org/zeus/) built at [Nemea](https://www.worldhistory.org/nemea/). - **c. 330 BCE - c. 300 BCE**: Extensive building programme at [Nemea](https://www.worldhistory.org/nemea/) funded by the Macedonians. - **c. 280 BCE**: Founding of the [Achaean League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaean_League/) in the [Peloponnese](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnese/) of [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **269 BCE**: Nemean Games definitively moved to [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/). - **243 BCE**: [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) joins the Archaean League. - **235 BCE**: Megelopolis joins the [Achaean League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaean_League/). - **225 BCE**: Macedonians bring an army across the Isthmus to face another Achaian force trying to take [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **222 BCE**: The [Achaean League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaean_League/) and [Antigonos](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Antigonos/) III of [Macedon](https://www.worldhistory.org/macedon/) defeat [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) at Sellasia. - **c. 191 BCE**: The [Achaean League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaean_League/) signs a treaty of alliance with [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). - **146 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) sacks [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) and dissolves the [Achaean league](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaean_League/). [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) is ruled by Rome. - **146 BCE**: Open [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) breaks out between [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) and the [Achaean League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaean_League/). - **44 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) founds the [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) colony of [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/). - **67 CE**: Under [Nero](https://www.worldhistory.org/Nero/) excavation of the [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) Canal begins but is abandoned after three months. - **267 CE**: The [Goths](https://www.worldhistory.org/Goths/) sack [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/), [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/), [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/), and [Argos](https://www.worldhistory.org/argos/). - **393 CE**: [Roman Emperor](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Emperor/) Theodosius definitively ends all pagan Games in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). - **c. 396 CE**: [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) burned by the [Visigoths](https://www.worldhistory.org/visigoth/) under [Alaric](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alaric/). ## Links Externos - [Google Maps](http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q) ## Cite Este Artigo ### APA Cartwright, M. (2026, July 10). Peloponeso. (F. Oliveira, Tradutor). *World History Encyclopedia*. ### Chicago Cartwright, Mark. "Peloponeso." Traduzido por Filipa Oliveira. *World History Encyclopedia*, July 10, 2026. . ### MLA Cartwright, Mark. "Peloponeso." Traduzido por Filipa Oliveira. *World History Encyclopedia*, 10 Jul 2026, . ## Licença & Direitos de Autor Enviado por [Filipa Oliveira](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/filipaoliveira/ "User Page: Filipa Oliveira"), publicado em 10 July 2026. Consulte a(s) fonte(s) original(ais) para informações sobre direitos de autor. Note que os conteúdos com ligação a partir desta página podem ter termos de licenciamento diferentes.