---
title: Timur Dekat
author: Joshua J. Mark
translator: Amir Zayyanid
source: https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/ms/1-16/timur-dekat/
format: machine-readable-alternate
license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
updated: 2026-05-05
---
# Timur Dekat
Ditulis oleh [Joshua J. Mark](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/JPryst/)_
Diterjemahkan oleh [Amir Zayyanid](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/amirzayyanid)_
Secara tradisi, Timur Dekat dianggap oleh ahli-ahli arkeologi dan sejarahwan silam sebagai barat daya Asia, khususnya kawasan yang dikelilingi oleh Laut Mediterranean, Laut Hitam, Laut Kaspia, Laut Merah, dan Teluk Parsi/Arab. Pada era moden, Timur Dekat merangkumi negara Israel/Palestin, Lebanon, Syria, Turki, Jordan, Iraq, dan barat Iran. Sebahagian sejarahwan turut memasukkan Cyprus dan Transkaukasus (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbajian) ke dalam takrifan Timur Dekat, walaupun hakikatnya masing-masing lebih sesuai dirangkumkan ke dalam "Mediterranean timur" dan " Kaukasus". Mesir walaupun terlibat sebagai salah sebuah negara anggota Timur Dekat dalam sejarah silam, ia sering dikecualikan daripada pengistilahan tersebut. Bagi penyelidik dan jurnalis politik moden, istilah "Timur Tengah" digunakan bagi merujuk kawasan geografi yang sama dengan Timur Dekat. Rantau ini secara umum dianggap sebagai "buaian tamadun" kerana banyak perkembangan penting dalam sejarah manusia, seperti teknologi pertanian, sistem tulisan, dan kota terawal, lahir di sana.
**Terjemahan ini adalah berdasarkan versi definisi sebelumnya. Jika anda ingin mendapatkan terjemahan definisi semasa, sila hubungi kami.**
#### Editorial Review
This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/).
## Daftar Pustaka
- [Bertman, S. *Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia .* Oxford University Press, 2015.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0816043469/)
- [Brosius, M. *Women in Ancient Persia, 559-331 BC .* Clarendon Press, 1998.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0198152558/)
- [Farrokh, K. *Shadows in the Desert.* Osprey Publishing, 2007.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/1846031087/)
- [Herodotus & Waterfield, R. *Herodotus: The Histories.* Oxford University Press, 2010.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0375727671/)
- [Kramer, S. N. *History Begins at Sumer.* University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0812212762/)
- [Kramer, S. N. *The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character.* University of Chicago Press, 1971.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0226452387/)
- [Kriwaczek, P. *Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization.* Thomas Dunne Books, 2010.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/B011T7G5JC/)
- [Leick, G. *The A to Z of Mesopotamia .* Scarecrow Press, 2010.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0810875772/)
- [Miller, J. M. & Hayes, J. H. *A History of Ancient Israel and Judah.* Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0664223583/)
- [Shaw, I. *The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt.* Oxford University Press, 2006.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0192804588/)
- [Van De Mieroop, M. *A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC.* Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/111871816X/)
- [Wilkinson, T. *The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt.* Random House, 2011.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/B004FGMZAI/)
## Darihal Penulis
Penulis bebas dan bekas Pensyarah Falsafah separuh-masa di Kolej Marist, New York. Joshua J. Mark menetap di Greece dan Jerman dan pernah mengembara ke Mesir. Beliau mengajar sejarah, penulisan, kesusasteraan, dan falsafah pada peringkat kolej.
- [Linkedin Profile](https://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-j-mark/38/614/339)
## Garis masa
- **10000 BCE**: Beginnings of [agriculture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Agriculture/) in the Middle East.
- **8000 BCE**: Ovens in use in the [Near East](https://www.worldhistory.org/Near_East/) are applied to [pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/pottery/) production.
- **7700 BCE**: First domesticated wheats in the [Fertile Crescent](https://www.worldhistory.org/Fertile_Crescent/).
- **7000 BCE**: Domestication of goats.
- **5000 BCE**: Irrigation and [agriculture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Agriculture/) begin in earnest in [Mesopotamia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mesopotamia/).
- **c. 5000 BCE - 651 CE**: Dates of the history of the ancient [Near East](https://www.worldhistory.org/Near_East/).
- **853 BCE**: Babylonian kings depend on Assyrian military support.
- **850 BCE**: [Medes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Medes/) migrate into Iran from Asia.
- **750 BCE**: Persians migrate into Iran from Asia.
- **734 BCE**: [Babylon](https://www.worldhistory.org/babylon/) is captured by Chaldeans.
- **729 BCE**: [Babylon](https://www.worldhistory.org/babylon/) is occupied by Assyrians.
- **722 BCE - 705 BCE**: Peak of the Assyrian [Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/empire/) under the reign of [Sargon II](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sargon_II/).
## Soalan & Jawapan
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## Pautan Luaran
- [The Morgan Library & Museum: From "Near East" to "Western Asia": A Brief History of Archaeology and Colonialism by Erhan Tamur](https://www.themorgan.org/blog/near-east-western-asia-brief-history-archaeology-and-colonialism)
- [Smart History/Ancient Near East: Cradle of Civilization by Dr. Senta German](https://smarthistory.org/ancient-near-east-cradle-of-civilization/)
- [Ancient Near East.Net/ Resource site for the Near East and Egypt](https://www.ancientneareast.net/)
- [Kiddle Encyclopedia: Ancient Near East Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Ancient_Near_East)
## Petik Karya Ini
### APA
Mark, J. J. (2020, November 01). Timur Dekat. (A. Zayyanid, Penerjemah). *World History Encyclopedia*.
### Chicago
Mark, Joshua J.. "Timur Dekat." Diterjemahkan oleh Amir Zayyanid. *World History Encyclopedia*, November 01, 2020. .
### MLA
Mark, Joshua J.. "Timur Dekat." Diterjemahkan oleh Amir Zayyanid. *World History Encyclopedia*, 01 Nov 2020, .
## Lesen & Hak Cipta
Dihantar oleh [Amir Zayyanid](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/amirzayyanid/ "User Page: Amir Zayyanid"), disiarkan pada 01 November 2020. Sila semak sumber asal untuk maklumat hak cipta. Sila ambil perhatian bahawa kandungan yang dipautkan dari halaman ini mungkin mempunyai terma lesen yang berbeza.