---
title: Italia
author: Jan van der Crabben
translator: Martin Guzman
source: https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/eS/1-207/italia/
format: machine-readable-alternate
license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
updated: 2020-11-17
---

# Italia

_Escrito por [Jan van der Crabben](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/jvdc/)_
_Traducido por [Martin Guzman](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/misaac.guzman)_

La península itálica o apenina es una de las tres penínsulas del sur de [Europa](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-35/europa/) [](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-1491/era-cleopatra-bonita/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-2578/como-llego-hitler-al-poder/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-2674/por-que-ataco-hitler-la-urss/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-2646/por-que-hitler-odiaba-a-los-judios/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-2350/dadme-la-libertad-o-dadme-la-muerte/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-207/que-le-paso-a-la-gran-biblioteca-de-alejandria/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-2574/por-que-gran-bretana-y-francia-apaciguaron-a-hitle/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-2754/por-que-desaparecio-la-mancomunidad-de-polonia-lit/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-2660/cuales-fueron-las-consecuencias-de-la-segunda-guer/)[](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-2946/como-nacio-la-organizacion-de-las-naciones-unidas/)(las otras dos siendo la península ibérica y la península balcánica), abarcando 1,000 km desde el valle del Po en el norte hasta el mar Mediterráneo central en el sur. La península está bordeada por el mar Tirreno en el oeste, el mar Jónico al sur y el mar Adriático en el este. La parte interior de la península apenina consiste de los Montes Apeninos, de la cual toma el nombre, la parte norte es en gran parte llanuras y las costas están bordeadas de acantilados.

Las excavaciones a través de Italia revelan presencia humana moderna que se remonta al periodo Paleolítico, hace unos 200,000 años. En los siglos VII y VII AEC, se establecieron colonias griegas a lo largo de la costa de Sicilia y la parte sur de la península itálica. Subsecuentemente, los romanos se referían a esta zona como [Magna Grecia](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-11373/magna-grecia/), ya que estaba densamente habitada por griegos.

La [antigua Roma](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-68/antigua-roma/) fue al principio una pequeña comunidad agrícola fundada alrededor del siglo VIII AEC que creció a lo largo de los siglos en un colosal [imperio](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-99/imperio/) que abarcaba todo el mar Mediterráneo, en el cual las culturas griega y romana antiguas se fusionaron en una sola [civilización](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-10175/civilizacion/). Esta civilización fue tan influyente que partes de ella sobreviven en el derecho, administración, [filosofía](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-340/filosofia/) y artes modernas, formando la base en la que la civilización occidental se basa. En su existencia de doce siglos, se transformó de una monarquía a una república y, finalmente, a una autocracia. En constante declive desde el siglo II EC, el imperio finalmente se dividió en dos partes en el 285 EC: el [Imperio romano de Occidente](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-696/imperio-romano-de-occidente/) y el [Imperio bizantino](https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-953/imperio-bizantino/) en el este. La parte occidental, bajo la presión de los godos, finalmente se disolvió, dejando a la península itálica dividida en pequeños reinos independientes y ciudades Estado en conflicto por los siguientes 14 siglos, y dejando la parte oriental como la única heredera del legado romano.

#### Editorial Review

This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/).

## Sobre el autor

Jan es el fundador y director ejecutivo de World History Encyclopedia, liderando la compañía sin fines de lucro para cumplir mejor su misión de involucrar a la gente con la herencia cultural y mejorar la enseñanza de la historia mundialmente. Posee una maestría en estudios de la guerra del King's College.
- [Linkedin Profile](https://www.linkedin.com/in/janvdc)

## Cronología

- **800 BCE**: Beginning of the [Etruscan civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/) in [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/).
- **753 BCE**: The legendary founding date of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **21 Apr 753 BCE**: The traditional date of the founding of the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) by [Romulus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Romulus_and_Remus/), the first king, after he killed his twin brother Remus. Although the date's historicity is uncertain, it is still celebrated as Rome's birthday today.
- **750 BCE - 510 BCE**: The (semi-mythological) seven kings of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/): [Romulus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Romulus_and_Remus/), Numa Pompilius, Tulus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, [Lucius Tarquinius Superbus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus/).
- **c. 740 BCE - c. 433 BCE**: [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) [poleis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polis/) or [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/)-states establish colonies in [Magna Graecia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Magna_Graecia/).
- **c. 600 BCE**: [Paestum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Paestum/) is founded by colonists from Sybaris.
- **509 BCE**: Foundation of the [Roman Republic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Republic/).
- **498 BCE - 493 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) defeats the Latins.
- **c. 410 BCE**: [Paestum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Paestum/) is attacked and conquered by the Lucanians.
- **400 BCE**: [Celts](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) enter [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) and settle in the Po Valley.
- **c. 398 BCE - c. 380 BCE**: [Plato](https://www.worldhistory.org/plato/) travels in [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/), [Cyrene](https://www.worldhistory.org/cyrene/), [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) and [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **396 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) expansion begins with the capture of [Veii](https://www.worldhistory.org/Veii/) from the [Etruscans](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/).
- **391 BCE**: Senones besiege Clusium, an [Etruscan](https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/) [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/).
- **343 BCE - 341 BCE**: First Samnite [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) ([Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) vs. Samnites).
- **340 BCE - 338 BCE**: Latin [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/), victory for [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **326 BCE - 304 BCE**: Second Samnite [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/).
- **300 BCE**: [Agathocles of Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/Agathocles_of_Syracuse/) campaigns in [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) and captures Bruttium.
- **285 BCE - 282 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) defeats the [Celts](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) in [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/). Rome's dominance in central Italy is secured.
- **280 BCE - 272 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) against [Tarentum](https://www.worldhistory.org/tarentum/). [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) conquers Tarentum. Rome's dominance in lower [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) is secured.
- **223 BCE**: Romans successfully campaign against [Celtic](https://www.worldhistory.org/celt/) tribes of Cisalpine [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/).
- **c. 177 BCE**: The [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) colony of Luna founded in northern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), as a millitary stronghold.
- **89 BCE**: All [poleis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polis/) or [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/)-states in [Magna Graecia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Magna_Graecia/) come under [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) control.
- **167 CE**: Marcomanni sack [Aquileia](https://www.worldhistory.org/aquileia/).
- **25 Jul 315 CE**: The Arch of [Constantine](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Constantine/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/), a [triumphal arch](https://www.worldhistory.org/Triumphal_Arch/) dedicated to [Constantine the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Constantine_I/) to commemorate his victory at the [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of the Milvian Bridge in 312, is officially opened.
- **25 Mar 421 CE**: According to tradition, the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of Venice is founded at noon on 25 March 421 with the consecration of the Church of San Giacomo di Rialto on Rialto Island. Although the date of the city's founding is legendary, it is still celebrated as the city's birthday.
- **488 CE - 493 CE**: [Theodoric the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Theodoric_the_Great/) of the [Ostrogoths](https://www.worldhistory.org/ostrogoth/) conquers [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/).
- **15 Mar 493 CE**: King [Odoacer](https://www.worldhistory.org/Odoacer/) is assassinated at a banquet in Ravenna, [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) by [Theodoric the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Theodoric_the_Great/), inaugurating the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy.
- **535 CE**: [Belisarius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Belisarius/)' first campaign against the [Ostrogoths](https://www.worldhistory.org/ostrogoth/) in [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/).
- **535 CE - 554 CE**: The Gothic [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) launched by Emperor [Justinian I](https://www.worldhistory.org/Justinian_I/), aimed at reconquering [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) from the [Goths](https://www.worldhistory.org/Goths/).
- **536 CE - 562 CE**: The [Byzantine Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Byzantine_Empire/) conquers [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/).
- **568 CE - 582 CE**: [Lombards](https://www.worldhistory.org/Lombards/) invade northern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/).
- **18 Jun 1053 CE**: The [Battle of Civitate](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2246/battle-of-civitate/) is fought between the Normans and the Papal Coalition in Southern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) near San Paolo di Civitate resulting in a Norman victory and eventual alliance with the papacy, legitimizing the Norman [conquest](https://www.worldhistory.org/warfare/) of Southern Italy.
- **16 Jul 1228 CE**: St. Francis of Assisi (born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone) is canonized by Pope Gregory IX. Among the most popular Catholic saints, Francis is patron of animals, the poor, ecology and the nation of [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/).
- **25 Jul 1467 CE**: The [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Molinella is fought in the Province of Bologna between the Republic of Florence and the Republic of Venice. Although the outcome was indecisive, the engagement became famous as the first time firearms were used extensively in battle in the region that would become [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/).
- **28 Apr 1503 CE**: The [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Cerignola is fought in Apulia, [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) between the forces of Spain and France (with Swiss allies), resulting in a decisive victory for Spain. The event is considered one of the first European battles won through the tactical use of gunpowder small arms.
- **8 Sep 1504 CE**: [Michelangelo](https://www.worldhistory.org/Michelangelo/)'s masterpiece \*David\* is unveiled at the Palazzo della Signoria, Florence, [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/). The statue stands 17 feet (5.17 m) tall and was sculpted from Carrara marble. It is among the most recognizable and most often copied works of art in the world.
- **16 May 1527 CE**: The Republic of Florence, [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) is re-established when the Florentines expel the ruling medici family. It lasts until 1530 when the Medici return, marking the period as that of the Last Republic.
- **13 Dec 1545 CE**: The [Council of Trent](https://www.worldhistory.org/Council_of_Trent/) begins in Trent, [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), as part of the Catholic Counter [Reformation](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Reformation/) in response to the [Protestant Reformation](https://www.worldhistory.org/Protestant_Reformation/), addressing ecclesiastical corruption while clarifying Catholic doctrine and reaffirming the Church's vision and authority. The council convened for 25 sessions until December 4, 1563.
- **9 Mar 1562 CE**: Kissing in public is banned in Naples, [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) with the "offense" punishable by [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/). The [law](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/law/) was passed to stop the spread of [plague](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/plague/) but was ineffective.
- **24 Feb 1607 CE**: Premiere of Claudio Monteverdi's L'Orfeo at the Ducal [Palace](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/palace/), Mantua, [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), among the earliest musical pieces recognized as an opera. It was well-received, inspired other works, and remains among the most popular operas today.
- **22 Feb 1632 CE**: \*Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems\* by [Galileo Galilei](https://www.worldhistory.org/Galileo_Galilei/) is published in Florence, [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), comparing the Copernican heliocentric model with the Ptolemaic geocentric model and favoring [Copernicus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Nicolaus_Copernicus/)' claim that the earth revolves around the sun. The book was placed on the Index of Forbidden Books and resulted in [Galileo](https://www.worldhistory.org/Galileo_Galilei/)'s trial for heresy in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) in 1633.
- **27 Mar 1638 CE**: The first of the Calabria earthquakes strikes the Kingdom of Naples (modern-day [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/)) with an estimated 7.1 on the Richter scale, continuing on 28 March, and resulting in up to 30,000 casualties.
- **25 Jun 1678 CE**: Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia becomes the first woman in the world to receive a PhD when she is awarded a doctorate in [philosophy](https://www.worldhistory.org/philosophy/) by the University of Padua.
- **4 Nov 1737 CE**: The Teatro di San Carlo, the oldest continuously active opera venue in the world, is founded in Naples, modern-day [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), as the Real Teatro di San Carlo ("Royal Theater of Saint Charles"), commissioned by Charles VII of Naples who felt the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) needed a larger and more ornate central venue. The first performance was the opera \*Achille in Sciro\* by Domenico Sarro.
- **22 May 1762 CE**: The Trevi Fountain in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) is officially inaugurated by Pope Clement XIII. Designed by artist Nicola Salvi, work on the fountain began in 1732 and took 30 years to complete.
- **3 Aug 1778 CE**: The famous opera house La Scala is inaugurated in Milan, modern-day [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), with the premiere performance of \*[Europa](https://www.worldhistory.org/Europa/) riconosciuta\* by composer Antonio Salieri.
- **13 Jul 1814 CE**: The Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie of [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), is established as a branch of the Italian Armed Forces with authority over civilian and military matters.
- **30 Mar 1815 CE**: French statesman and King of Naples, [Joachim Murat](https://www.worldhistory.org/Joachim_Murat/) issues the Rimini Proclamation calling for Italian unity and independence from Austria, beginning with the famous phrase, "Italians! The hour has come to engage in your highest destinies." Although Murat was captured and executed, the Rimini Proclamation is remembered as an early call for Italian unification.
- **27 May 1860 CE**: The pivotal Siege of Palermo begins as Giuseppe Garibaldi leads his troops against the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) during the Italian Unification Wars. The city fell on 30 May.
- **26 Oct 1860 CE**: The Expedition of the Thousand, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, ends with the [conquest](https://www.worldhistory.org/warfare/) of Southern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), making possible the proclamation of the unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The event takes its name from the number of soldiers in the expedition.
- **22 May 1874 CE**: Composer [Giuseppe Verdi](https://www.worldhistory.org/Giuseppe_Verdi/)'s \*Requiem\* premieres at the Church of San Marco, Milan, [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), with Verdi as conductor, to commemorate the first anniversary of the [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) of Italian poet and writer Alessandro Manzoni.
- **29 Feb 1880 CE**: The official breakthrough of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel occurs, connecting Switzerland with [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), and running 9.3 miles (15 km). The tunnel was formally opened on 1 June 1882 as the longest rail tunnel in the world.
- **1 Mar 1896 CE**: The [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Adwa, fought near the town of Adwa, Tigray Province, Ethiopia, is a decisive victory for the Ethiopian forces under Emperor Menelik II against the Italian army led by General Oreste Baratieri, striking a significant blow against colonial initiatives by [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) in the region.
- **28 Dec 1908 CE**: The 1908 Messina [Earthquake](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/earthquake/) strikes Southern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) with a magnitude of 7.1 and an epicenter at the Strait of Messina, raising a tsunami with waves as high as 39 feet (12 m), and nearly destroying the [cities](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of Messina and Reggio Calabria, killing 120,000 people. It is the deadliest earthquake in European history.
- **29 Sep 1911 CE**: The Italo-Turkish [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) (Turco-Italian War) begins between the Kingdom of [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) and the [Ottoman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Ottoman_Empire/) over claims to the region of modern-day Libya. The war ended in a victory for the Italian forces in October 1912 and the establishment of Italian Libya.
- **23 Nov 1980 CE**: The 1980 Irpinia-Basilicata [Earthquake](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/earthquake/) strikes near the village of Castelhuovo di Conza, Southern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), with a magnitude of 6.9 resulting in upwards of 2,000 people killed, over 7,000 injured, 250,000 left homeless, and causing over $20 billion in damages.

## Cita este trabajo

### APA
Crabben, J. v. d. (2020, November 17). Italia. (M. Guzman, Traductor). *World History Encyclopedia*. <https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/eS/1-207/italia/>
### Chicago
Crabben, Jan van der. "Italia." Traducido por Martin Guzman. *World History Encyclopedia*, November 17, 2020. <https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/eS/1-207/italia/>.
### MLA
Crabben, Jan van der. "Italia." Traducido por Martin Guzman. *World History Encyclopedia*, 17 Nov 2020, <https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/eS/1-207/italia/>.

## Licencia y derechos de autor

Enviado por [Martin Guzman](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/misaac.guzman/ "User Page: Martin Guzman"), publicado el 17 November 2020. Consulta la fuente original para obtener información sobre derechos de autor. Por favor, ten en cuenta que el contenido vinculado con esta página puede tener términos de licencia diferentes.