---
title: Sounion
author: Mark Cartwright
source: https://www.worldhistory.org/sounion/
format: machine-readable-alternate
license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
updated: 1970-01-01
---
# Sounion
_Authored by [Mark Cartwright](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/)_
Sounion (or Sunium) was an important ancient [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) religious sanctuary sacred to the gods [Poseidon](https://www.worldhistory.org/poseidon/) and [Athena](https://www.worldhistory.org/athena/). Spectacularly located on a promontory in southern Attica, the site is dominated by the [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of Poseidon perched on the cliff edge, seventy metres above the sea.
Sounion is the setting for several episodes in [Greek mythology](https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Mythology/) and is specifically mentioned as a place of religious significance in [Homer](https://www.worldhistory.org/homer/)'s *[Odyssey](https://www.worldhistory.org/Odyssey/)*. In some myths it is the spot where the Athenian king Aegeus threw himself into the sea in despair at having sighted the black sail of his son [Theseus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Theseus/)' ship returning from [Crete](https://www.worldhistory.org/crete/) and his [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) with the [Minotaur](https://www.worldhistory.org/Minotaur/). Theseus had previously arranged to show a white sail to indicate his safe return but he forgot and so his father needlessly killed himself. The [Aegean](https://www.worldhistory.org/aegean/) sea is named after the unfortunate king. It is also where Phrontis, one of [Menelaus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Menelaus/)' captains, died on the return voyage from the [Trojan War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trojan_War/), killed by vengeful [Apollo](https://www.worldhistory.org/apollo/), who had supported the Trojans in the conflict.
The sanctuary came under the jurisdiction of the *deme* of Sounion which had its centre to the north in the Agrilesa Valley and gained its wealth from marble and [silver](https://www.worldhistory.org/Silver/). The site acquired its religious significance from the 7th century BCE and had one temple dedicated to Athena and another to Poseidon, [god](https://www.worldhistory.org/God/) of the sea. The first stone temple to Athena was constructed in the 5th century BCE in the Ionic style and had an unusual asymmetrical form. The first stone temple to Poseidon was also constructed in the early 5th century BCE but was destroyed before completion by the Persians around 480 BCE and was replaced by a new marble temple.
The sacred area of the temple to Poseidon was entered through a monumental gate or [propylaea](https://www.worldhistory.org/Propylaea/) which had a two Doric [column](https://www.worldhistory.org/column/) façade creating three entrances, the central measuring 2.2 metres wide. Within the complex there were stoas on the west, south and north sides. The latter was the largest and its length measured 25 metres with 8 or 9 Doric columns on its façade and 6 interior columns, whilst the width of the stoa was 9 metres. This stoa was probably used by visitors to the sanctuary as a source of shelter from sun or rain.
The second and surviving temple of Poseidon was built upon the poros base of its predecessor using the locally pure white marble from Agrileza. The temple is peripteral, that is columns were on all sides - 6 on the façades and 13 on the long sides, each 6.12 metres tall. The temple is also amphiprostyle as the outer rows of columns are of the same order as the inner cella columns. The columns carry only 16 flutes rather than the usual 20, perhaps an attempt by the architect to reduce weathering in such an exposed site. Within the temple stood a statue of Poseidon (which has not survived) and the site's votive treasures would have been kept in the inner opisthodomos. The outer architrave (and probably pediments too) did not carry any architectural [sculpture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Sculpture/) but the inner pronaos frieze did carry sculpture which depicted scenes from [mythology](https://www.worldhistory.org/mythology/) such as a battle with centaurs.
[  Columns, Sounion Temple of Poseidon Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/390/columns-sounion-temple-of-poseidon/ "Columns, Sounion Temple of Poseidon")Sounion was strategically important in controlling ships entering the Saronic gulf and, according to [Thucydides](https://www.worldhistory.org/Thucydides/), fortifications were constructed in 414 BCE by [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) (located just 67 km from the site) which were extended in the 3rd century BCE with the addition of ship-sheds. The area continued to develop and remain important in the [Hellenistic period](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hellenistic_Period/). Sounion also became involved in the Chremonidean [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) (266-229 BCE) and the subsequent Macedonian occupation under [Antigonus](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Antigonus/). However, Athens regained control of the sanctuary when Aratus bribed the local commander Diogenes into giving it up after military action had previously failed. In the 2nd century BCE Sounion was the focus of a slave rebellion when it was occupied by over a thousand slaves from the nearby Lavrion silver mines. Following the mines closure shortly afterwards, Sounion began a steady decline and all but disappeared from [Mediterranean](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/mediterranean/) affairs.
Archaeological finds from the site include two [archaic](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Archaic/) colossal marble kouroi statues which date from around 600 BCE, fourteen sculpted panels from the temple of Poseidon, a fine relief tablet of a victorious athlete and a 7th century BCE lead kouros statue from the Temple of Athena.
#### Editorial Review
This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/).
## Bibliography
- Ananiades, D. *Ancient Greece: Temples & Sanctuaries.* Toubis, Athens, 2010
- Hornblower, S. *The Oxford Classical Dictionary.* OUP, Oxford, 2012
## About the Author
Mark is WHE’s Publishing Director and has an MA in Political Philosophy (University of York). He is a full-time researcher, writer, historian and editor. Special interests include art, architecture and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share.
## Timeline
- **c. 700 BCE**: The site of [Sounion](https://www.worldhistory.org/sounion/) first acquires a religious significance.
- **480 BCE**: Persians destroy the sanctuary at [Sounion](https://www.worldhistory.org/sounion/).
- **c. 444 BCE - 440 BCE**: [Temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of [Poseidon](https://www.worldhistory.org/poseidon/) at [Sounion](https://www.worldhistory.org/sounion/) re-built.
- **414 BCE**: [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) constructs fortifications at [Sounion](https://www.worldhistory.org/sounion/).
## Cite This Work
### APA
Cartwright, M. (2013, February 23). Sounion. *World History Encyclopedia*.
### Chicago
Cartwright, Mark. "Sounion." *World History Encyclopedia*, February 23, 2013. .
### MLA
Cartwright, Mark. "Sounion." *World History Encyclopedia*, 23 Feb 2013, .
## License & Copyright
Submitted by [Mark Cartwright](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/ "User Page: Mark Cartwright"), published on 23 February 2013. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en). This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.