---
title: Ancient Sicily
author: Mark Cartwright
source: https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/
format: machine-readable-alternate
license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
updated: 1970-01-01
---

# Ancient Sicily

_Authored by [Mark Cartwright](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/)_

The [Mediterranean](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/mediterranean/) island of Sicily, with its natural resources and strategic position on ancient trading routes, aroused the intense interest of successive empires from [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) to [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/). Consequently, the island was never far from centre-stage in regional politics and was very often a [theatre](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/theatre/) of [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) throughout the Classical period. Invasions, tyrants, and battles did, though, eventually give way to centuries of relative peace and prosperity as a [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) province. Sicily's historical legacy today includes some of the most impressive and best-preserved ancient monuments in the Mediterranean, testimony to the island's rich cultural history.

### Early History

There were three indigenous groups on ancient Sicily: the Elymi in the western part of the island, the Sicani in the centre, and the Sicels in the east - the latter being the root of the island's name. According to [Thucydides](https://www.worldhistory.org/Thucydides/), the origins of these groups could be traced back to [Troy](https://www.worldhistory.org/troy/), [Iberia](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/iberia/), and mainland [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), respectively. Finds of [pottery](https://www.worldhistory.org/pottery/) and [copper](https://www.worldhistory.org/copper/) ingots indicate that the island traded with Late [Bronze Age](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Bronze_Age/) peoples such as the Mycenaeans and Cypriots. Although traditional accounts have the [Phoenicians](https://www.worldhistory.org/phoenicia/) as the first colonisers there is no evidence that they pre-dated [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) colonists. Motya, Panormus and Soloeis were the principal Phoenician settlements whilst [Segesta](https://www.worldhistory.org/Segesta/), Eryx and Entella were the main Elymi sites, all of which were allied to Carthage. Greek colonisation began c. 735 BCE and exerted a strong political and cultural influence on local communities either directly or via [trade](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/trade/). This Hellenization was most evident in [architecture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/architecture/) with great Doric temples being built across the island. The spread of urban settlements and the first issues of Sicilian [coinage](https://www.worldhistory.org/coinage/) in the late 6th century BCE attest to the prosperity enjoyed by many of the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/)-states or *[poleis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polis/)*. The Phoenician settlements rigorously rebuffed the Greek advancement into their territory, notably in c. 580 BCE against Pentathlus and again in c. 510 BCE against Dorieus.

### Tyrants, Carthage, & Athens

The form of government of the various *poleis* followed the various Greek models but tyrants were prevalent. Acragas ([Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/)) and [Gela](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gela/) were amongst the earliest poleis to be ruled by tyrants and [Hippocrates](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hippocrates/) of Gela was the first of a long line of famous Sicilian tyrants (it should be noted that the Greek term 'tyrant' signified a single ruler and he was not always a tyrant in the modern, negative sense of the term). Hippocrates' successor was Gelon (r. 491-478 BCE), and he moved his capital to [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) which had originally been founded as a colony of [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) in 734 BCE. Syracuse would, following the defeat of Carthage and her Sicilian allies at the [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Himera in 480 BCE, become the dominant *[polis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polis/)* on the island and second only to Athens as the largest in the Greek world, eventually over-taking it in terms of population.

From the 5th century BCE, democracy became the dominant form of government, but the still mutually independent *poleis* now began to attract the interest of the great maritime power of the age: Athens. A first unsuccessful attempt to increase Athenian influence in the region between 427 and 424 BCE was followed by the spectacular flop known as the Sicilian Expedition between 415 and 413 BCE. Attacking Syracuse, the Athenian plan was masterminded by [Alcibiades](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alcibiades/), but ultimately the Athenians came unstuck and lost their entire invasion force. Athens had over-estimated any local support they might have received from disgruntled Sicilian *poleis* and under-estimated the fortifications and resolve of the Syracusans. When Gylippus arrived with a relief force from Corinth, the fate of the Athenians was sealed and their two commanders were executed in a shocking blow to Athenian military pride.

Syracuse then became an active ally to [Sparta](https://www.worldhistory.org/sparta/) as the [Peloponnesian War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnesian_War/) rumbled on against Athens and her allies. Carthage, meanwhile, seized the opportunity to increase her influence, capturing [Selinus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Selinus/) and Himera in 409 BCE and then Acragas and Gela three years later. Syracuse regained the initiative, however, under the rule of one of the greatest leaders in the island's history: Dionysius I, gifted general, politician and patron of the arts. Taking power in 405 BCE and employing a large mercenary army, Syracusan domination of the island followed, and the Carthaginians could only maintain a toe-hold in the west, a situation which remained unchanged until the [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) of Dionysius in 367 BCE. Dionysius also became a useful ally to Sparta during the Corinthian Wars between 395 and 386 BCE, and he expanded the Syracusan [Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/empire/) to include large parts of the southern Italian mainland. He was an innovative military leader and is credited with employing siege towers and bolt throwing artillery for the first time in [Greek warfare](https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Warfare/).

[ ![Bikini Mosaic](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/236.jpg?v=1777385886) Bikini Mosaic Roundtheworld (CC BY-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/236/bikini-mosaic/ "Bikini Mosaic")### [Hellenistic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hellenic_World/) & Roman Sicily

In the [Hellenistic period](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hellenistic_Period/), and following the end of Dionysius I's reign, Syracuse was obliged to call on Corinth to help meet the threat of Carthage. [Timoleon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Timoleon/) duly brought victory at the battle of Crimisius c. 341 BCE, and he re-established Syracusan control of her kingdom, eliminating tyrannies and embarking on a programme of restoration and encouraging a new influx of colonists from [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) and Italy. Many Sicilian states once more prospered, but after the death of Timoleon, political chaos ensued. However, following a tumultuous period of oligarchic rule, a powerful tyrant once more revived the fortunes of Syracuse. Agathocles took power in 317 BCE and declared himself king of Sicily in c. 305 BCE, after seizing most of the island. Once again, though, when a strong individual ruler died, unrest and decline swiftly followed. The fortunes of the city revived under the 3rd century BCE rulers [Pyrrhus](https://www.worldhistory.org/pyrrhus/) and Hieron II, but Sicily as a whole was, in the coming decades, about to lose its independence.

Carthage continued to be an ever-present threat to Sicilian [cities](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/), but by the mid-3rd century BCE a new player had arrived on the scene: Rome. The two great powers would clash in the [Punic Wars](https://www.worldhistory.org/Punic_Wars/) and Sicily became the battleground. Rome eventually won the day and Sicily became a Roman province, what would be the first of many. Hieron II of Syracuse had switched sides to join Carthage, but with the city's fall at Roman hands in 211 BCE, the island was at last unified into a single governable unit ruled by a foreign power.

The Romans differentiated between certain cities in their new province depending on their past allegiances, and some had more political freedom and less of a tax burden than others but, generally, with the Roman concern to guarantee a reliable grain supply, the island prospered into the imperial period and Greek and Latin cultures co-existed. [Augustus](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) created several colonies for veterans on the island and [agriculture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Agriculture/) flourished with the establishment of many large, imperial estates, so that Sicily became an important producer of wine, wool and timber. Over time Sicily's importance to Rome waned, but Syracuse did become an important Christian centre and remained one right up to the 7th century CE.

#### Editorial Review

This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/).

## Bibliography

- [Campbell, B. (ed). *The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World.* Oxford University Press, 2013.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0195304659/)
- [Hornblower, S. *The Oxford Classical Dictionary.* Oxford University Press, 2012.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0199545561/)
- [Kinzl, K.H. (ed). *A Companion to the Classical Greek World.* Wiley-Blackwell, 2006.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0631230149/)
- [Plutarch. *The Rise and Fall of Athens.* Penguin Classics, 1960.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0140441026/)
- [Thucydides. *The Landmark Thucydides.* Free Press, 1998.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0684827905/)
- [Xenophon. *The Landmark Xenophon's Hellenika.* Pantheon, 2009.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/B0064X7OE2/)

## About the Author

Mark is WHE’s Publishing Director and has an MA in Political Philosophy (University of York). He is a full-time researcher, writer, historian and editor. Special interests include art, architecture and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share.

## Timeline

- **c. 750 BCE**: [Phoenicians](https://www.worldhistory.org/phoenicia/) found the colony of Motya on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **734 BCE**: Chalcis founds the colony of [Naxos](https://www.worldhistory.org/Naxos/) on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **733 BCE**: [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/) founds the colony of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **c. 720 BCE**: Chalcis founds the colony of Rhegium in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **c. 689 BCE**: [Rhodes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rhodes/) and Cretans found [Gela](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gela/) in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **c. 630 BCE**: Messana founds the colony of Himera on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **c. 630 BCE**: [Selinus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Selinus/) is founded by colonists from [Megara](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Megara/) Hyblaea, [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **c. 580 BCE**: [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/) in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) is founded by colonists from [Gela](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gela/), [Crete](https://www.worldhistory.org/crete/) and [Rhodes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rhodes/).
- **580 BCE - 576 BCE**: [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) between the Sicilian [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/)-states of [Segesta](https://www.worldhistory.org/Segesta/) and [Selinus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Selinus/).
- **580 BCE - 560 BCE**: The main [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of the [acropolis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Acropolis/), Temple C, was built at [Selinus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Selinus/).
- **580 BCE - 376 BCE**: [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) and [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/) fight for dominance in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **c. 570 BCE - c. 549 BCE**: The tyrant Phalaris rules [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/), expanding its territory.
- **491 BCE - 478 BCE**: Gelon is tyrant of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **491 BCE - 478 BCE**: Reign of Gelon, tyrant of [Gela](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gela/) on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **c. 489 BCE - c. 473 BCE**: The tyrant Theron rules [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/).
- **480 BCE**: Tyrant of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) Gelon defeats the Carthaginians at the [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Himera.
- **480 BCE**: [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/) defeats [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) at the [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Himera.
- **c. 480 BCE**: The huge [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of [Zeus](https://www.worldhistory.org/zeus/) is built at [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/).
- **478 BCE - 467 BCE**: Hiero I is tyrant of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **458 BCE**: A treaty of cooperation is signed between the Sicilian [city-state](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polis/) of [Segesta](https://www.worldhistory.org/Segesta/) and [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/).
- **450 BCE - 430 BCE**: The [Temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of Concordia is built at [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/).
- **416 BCE**: [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) breaks out again between rival Sicilian [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/)-states [Segesta](https://www.worldhistory.org/Segesta/) and [Selinus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Selinus/).
- **415 BCE**: [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) launches an expedition against [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/), the pretext being protection of [Segesta](https://www.worldhistory.org/Segesta/).
- **c. 415 BCE**: [Alcibiades](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alcibiades/) persuades the Athenian assembly to send a military expedition to [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **415 BCE - 413 BCE**: Athenian expedition to attack [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **413 BCE**: The Athenian expedition in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) ends in disastrous defeat and the Athenian generals [Nicias](https://www.worldhistory.org/Nicias/) and [Demosthenes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Demosthenes/) are executed.
- **413 BCE**: [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/) remains neutral in the [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) between [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/) and [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **406 BCE**: A [Carthaginian army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Army/) sacks [Gela](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gela/) on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **406 BCE**: [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/) is attacked and destroyed by [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/).
- **405 BCE**: Dionysius becomes tyrant in [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/), [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **c. 398 BCE - c. 380 BCE**: [Plato](https://www.worldhistory.org/plato/) travels in [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/), [Cyrene](https://www.worldhistory.org/cyrene/), [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) and [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **396 BCE**: The Carthaginian [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) of Lilybaeum is founded on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **367 BCE**: Dionysius II becomes tyrant of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/), [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **356 BCE**: Dion becomes tyrant of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **346 BCE**: Dionysius II is once again tyrant of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **344 BCE**: [Timoleon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Timoleon/) defeats Dionysius II of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) and establishes an oligarchy government.
- **c. 341 BCE**: [Timoleon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Timoleon/) defeats a [Carthaginian army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Army/) at the [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of Crimisus in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **339 BCE**: [Gela](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gela/) on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) is rebuilt by the Corinthian general [Timoleon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Timoleon/).
- **338 BCE**: [Timoleon](https://www.worldhistory.org/Timoleon/) agrees a peace treaty with [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) over their control of [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **317 BCE**: Agathocles takes power in [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **311 BCE**: A [Carthaginian army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Army/) defeats [Agathocles of Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/Agathocles_of_Syracuse/) near [Gela](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gela/), [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).
- **309 BCE**: [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) defeats a [Carthaginian army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Army/) in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) and kills their general Hamilcar.
- **306 BCE**: Agathocles declares himself king of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **306 BCE**: [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) and [Agathocles of Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/Agathocles_of_Syracuse/) sign a peace treaty and divide [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) between them.
- **289 BCE**: [Agathocles of Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/Agathocles_of_Syracuse/) dies from poison or illness.
- **288 BCE**: Hicetus becomes tyrant of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **282 BCE**: [Gela](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gela/), on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/), is destroyed by Phintias, the tyrant of [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/).
- **270 BCE - 215 BCE**: Hiero II is tyrant of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **264 BCE**: The Mamertines at Messana on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) call for Carthaginian and then [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) help in defence against [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/), sparking the [First Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Punic_War/).
- **264 BCE - 241 BCE**: [First Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Punic_War/). [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) cedes [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **263 BCE**: [Segesta](https://www.worldhistory.org/Segesta/) joins the [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) cause in the [First Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Punic_War/).
- **262 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) besieges and sacks [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/) on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) in one of the first actions of the [First Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Punic_War/).
- **254 BCE**: Romans capture Palermo during the First [Punic](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/).
- **250 BCE**: [Selinus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Selinus/) on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) is abandoned.
- **Jun 250 BCE**: A [Carthaginian army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Army/) led by Hasdrubal is defeated by [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) [consul](https://www.worldhistory.org/Consul/) Metellus near Palermo in the [First Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Punic_War/).
- **247 BCE**: [Hamilcar Barca](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hamilcar_Barca/) raids southern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) and then lands on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) during the [First Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Punic_War/).
- **244 BCE**: [Hamilcar Barca](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hamilcar_Barca/) captures Eryx on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) during the [First Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Punic_War/).
- **213 BCE - 212 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) commander [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) lays seige to and ultimately sacks [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/).
- **212 BCE**: A [Carthaginian army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Army/) is defeated in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) by a [Roman army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Army/) led by Marcellus. [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) falls to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) who now control the island.
- **210 BCE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) attacks [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/).
- **201 BCE**: [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) joins the [Roman Republic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Republic/), province of [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) is formed.
- **189 CE**: [Septimius Severus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Septimius_Severus/) is proconsul of [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/). Birth of Geta, his second son.
- **535 CE**: [Belisarius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Belisarius/) conquers [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) and Naples.
- **1035 CE**: The Emir of [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/), Ahmad al-Akhal, makes a treaty with the Byzantines rendering Sicily a virtual protectorate.
- **1038 CE**: [Byzantine](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Byzantine/) forces under George Maniakes invade Muslim [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/).

## Cite This Work

### APA
Cartwright, M. (2014, May 29). Ancient Sicily. *World History Encyclopedia*. <https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/>
### Chicago
Cartwright, Mark. "Ancient Sicily." *World History Encyclopedia*, May 29, 2014. <https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/>.
### MLA
Cartwright, Mark. "Ancient Sicily." *World History Encyclopedia*, 29 May 2014, <https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/>.

## License & Copyright

Submitted by [Mark Cartwright](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/ "User Page: Mark Cartwright"), published on 29 May 2014. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en). This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.