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Roman Standard
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Roman Standard

The Roman Standard (Latin: Signum or Signa Romanum) was a pennant, flag, or banner, suspended or attached to a staff or pole, which identified a Roman legion (infantry) or Equites (cavalry). The Standard of a cavalry unit was emblazoned with...
Reverse Side, Standard of Ur
Image by The British Museum

Reverse Side, Standard of Ur

The Standard of Ur is a (reconstructed) hollow box and its precise purpose is unknown. The scenes are made using a mosaic of lapis lazuli, red limestone, and shell. This reverse side shows men bringing animals as tribute or war booty while...
Roman Officers & Standard-Bearers
Image by The Creative Assembly

Roman Officers & Standard-Bearers

An artist's representation of how frontline officers and legionaries of the Roman army may have looked in action.
Roman Cavalry
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Roman Cavalry

Cavalry, although never replacing infantry as the mainstay of the Roman army, could provide useful cover on the flanks of armies, could be used as a shock tactic to cause disruption to enemy infantry formations, and could pursue an enemy...
Officers of the Roman Army
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Officers of the Roman Army

With the appearance of the legionary, the Roman army was able to maintain a vast empire that totally embraced the Mediterranean Sea. Although the success of the army rested on the backs of the foot-soldiers and cavalry, there were others...
Roman Warfare
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Roman Warfare

Roman warfare was remarkably successful over many centuries and across many territories. This was due to several important factors. Italy was a peninsula not easily attacked, there was a huge pool of fighting men to draw upon, a disciplined...
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Video by Smarthistory, Art History at Khan Academy

Standard of Ur, c. 2600-2400 B.C.E.

More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=Nok4cBt0V6w Standard of Ur, c. 2600-2400 B.C.E., 21.59 x 49.5 x 12 cm (British Museum) Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker & Dr. Beth Harris
Battle of Teutoburg Forest
Article by Karen Schousboe

Battle of Teutoburg Forest

At the Battle of Teutoburg Forest (aka Battle of Varus), c. 9 CE, a combined force of Germans annihilated a Roman army consisting of three legions including three squadrons of cavalry and six cohorts of auxiliary troops. As some soldiers...
The Battle of Philippi 42 BCE
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Battle of Philippi 42 BCE

The Battle of Philippi in 42 BCE was an all-Roman affair fought between the young Octavian, chosen heir of Julius Caesar, and the mercurial Mark Antony, widely regarded as the greatest living Roman general on the one side against Brutus and...
Goat in a Thicket in the Standard of Ur
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Goat in a Thicket in the Standard of Ur

This is one of the scenes depicted on one of the sides of the Standard of Ur; this is not part of the so-called "Peace and War Scenes" of the Standard. Here, a rearing goat at a small tree or a shrub is flanked by two men. The man on the...
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