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First-Wave / Earliest Civilizations
A map illustrating the earliest stages of human civilization spanning from c. 8000 BCE to 2000 BCE. It showcases the emergence of organized societies, agricultural practices, and the origins of urbanization.
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Aztec Sun Stone
The Aztec Sun Stone (also known as the Calendar Stone) is a representation of the five eras of the sun from Aztec mythology. The stone was part of the architectural complex of the Temple Mayor of Tenochtitlán and dates to c. 1427 CE. The...
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Quetzalcoatl
An architectural sculpture from Teotihuacan of Quetzalcoatl, the Plumed-Serpent god of Mesoamerican religion and mythology. He was regarded as a creator god and a god of wind by such civilizations as the Maya and Aztecs.
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K'inich Yax K'uk Mo
An incense burner thought to depict K'inich Yax K'uk Mo, the first Maya ruler of Copan. (Archaeological Museum of Copan, Honduras)
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Huitzilopochtli
A depiction of the Aztec god of war and the sun Huitzilopochtli. The god carries his typical atl-atl or spear-thrower, feathered arrows and shield and wears hummingbird feathers. (Codex Barbonicus).
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Tenochtitlan
The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, located on an island on Lake Texcoco in present-day Mexico. The capital was founded in 1345 CE and destroyed in 1521 CE.
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Toltec Warrior Columns
The columns atop Pyramid B at the Toltec capital of Tollan (Tula) which once supported a roof structure. They are each composed of four column drums and represent Toltec warriors ready for battle wearing their customary headdress and butterfly...
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Sacred Precinct, Tenochtitlan
A model reconstruction of the sacred precinct of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital on Lake Texcoco. The city was founded in 1345 CE and fell to the Spanish forces led by Cortés in 1521 CE. The sacred complex was dominated by the central pyramid...
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Monte Alban
Part of the sacred precinct of Monte Alban, in the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico. The site was the capital of the Zapotec Civilization from c. 500 BCE to c. 900 CE.
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Tlaloc
A 15th century CE vase representing the Mesoamerican god of rain, storms and agriculture Tlaloc. From the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan. (National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City).