--- title: Sarcophagus of Hapmen author: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin source: https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5351/sarcophagus-of-hapmen/ format: machine-readable-alternate updated: 2024-07-19 --- # Sarcophagus of Hapmen _Authored by [Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/OsamaSMAmin/)_ ## Image File [![Sarcophagus of Hapmen](https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/5351.jpg)](https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/5351.jpg) ## Image Caption Sarcophagus of Hapmen, found in Cairo, Ibn Tulun Mosque (reused as a ritual bath); original location is unknown. 26th Dynasty, c. 624-525 BCE. All surfaces bear figures of gods and funerary texts. Near the head end, one side displays a false door with eyes, allowing the spirit free movement and sight. A spell from the [Book of the Dead](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Book_of_the_Dead/) was thought to help it "come forth by day". The central figure on the long sides (one jackal-headed and one human-headed) is [Anubis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Anubis/), the [god](https://www.worldhistory.org/God/) of mummification. The Sons of [Horus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Horus/) at the corners had to guard Hapmen's organs. The goddess [Isis](https://www.worldhistory.org/isis/) mourns at the foot end, as does her sister [Nephthys](https://www.worldhistory.org/Nephthys/) on the head end (not visible). Many more deities appear inside. The floor displays the sky goddess Nut, who embraced Hapmen's mummy, so he could join the everlasting sun and stars. Remarkably, the figures and texts were copied from the sarcophagus of [Thutmose III](https://www.worldhistory.org/Thutmose_III/), a king of enduring fame who died a thousand years earlier. Hapmen, a treasurer, lived at a time of proud historical awareness. Thutmose's [tomb](https://www.worldhistory.org/tomb/) in [Thebes](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Thebes/) has already lain open for centuries, ever since priests had reburied him and other royals in a cache. The British Museum, London. #### Editorial Review This human-authored image has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/). ## About the Author Associate Professor of Neurology and lover of the Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia. I'm very interested in Mesopotamian history and always try to take photos of archaeological sites and artifacts in museums, both in Iraq and around the world. - [Facebook Profile](https://www.facebook.com/MRCPian) - [Linkedin Profile](https://www.linkedin.com/in/osama-shukir-muhammed-amin/) ## Cite This Work ### APA Amin, O. S. M. (2016, July 18). Sarcophagus of Hapmen. *World History Encyclopedia*. ### Chicago Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed. "Sarcophagus of Hapmen." *World History Encyclopedia*, July 18, 2016. . ### MLA Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed. "Sarcophagus of Hapmen." *World History Encyclopedia*, 18 Jul 2016, . ## License & Copyright Submitted by [Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/OsamaSMAmin/ "User Page: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin"), published on 18 July 2016. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: [Copyright](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright). You cannot use, copy, distribute, or modify this item without explicit permission from the author. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.