The 14th century was a time of crisis and transformation across much of the world. Plague, war, shifting power structures, and intellectual ferment reshaped societies from Asia to Africa, Europe to the Americas. Despite profound instability, new centers of influence emerged and long-distance connections intensified, forging an increasingly intertwined—yet fractured—global landscape.

The Black Death swept from China to Europe, decimating populations and disrupting economies, while the Delhi Sultanate expanded deep into the Indian subcontinent and the Mali Empire reached its zenith under Mansa Musa. The Mongol Empire fractured, Byzantium faltered, and new dynasties—like the Ming in China—rose from the wreckage. In West Africa, Islamic scholarship flourished in Timbuktu; in the Andes, regional centers consolidated power; and in Mesoamerica, the foundations of future empires were being laid. Trade routes carried goods, stories, and contagion across continents, linking distant cultures even as their internal structures reeled from conflict and change.