---
title: Trebizond
author: Livius
source: https://www.worldhistory.org/Trapezus/
format: machine-readable-alternate
updated: 2025-11-27
---
# Trebizond
_Authored by Livius_
Trapezus ([Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/): Τραπεζοῦς) or Trebizond was a Greek [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) on the southern shore of the Black Sea, modern Trabzon. According to the Christian author Eusebius, [writing](https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/) more than a millennium after the event, Trapezus was founded in 756 BCE, in the country that was called Colchis. Its first settlers were from Sinope ([Xenophon](https://www.worldhistory.org/xenophon/), Anabasis, 4.8), a Greek city on the southern shore of the Black Sea, about 400 kilometers to the west. Because this city was a daughter of Miletus, which in turn was believed to be a colony of [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/), the Trapezian scholar Cardinal Bessarion would still boast to be an Athenian in Renaissance times.
If we are to believe [Pausanias](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Pausanias/) (Guide to [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), 8.27.6), there was a second wave of immigrants from the [Peloponnese](https://www.worldhistory.org/Peloponnese/), after the city had been destroyed by the Cimmerians in c. 630 BCE. This story may be a late invention, only meant to explain why there was a town named Trapezus in Arcadia too; on the other hand, this may have been the city's real founding moment, the first one being just a legend.
However this may be, the city was a very important port and appears to have played a pivotal role in [trade](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/trade/) between Greece and the [Iron Age](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Iron_Age/) civilizations of [Anatolia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Asia_Minor/), especially [Urartu](https://www.worldhistory.org/Urartu_Civilization/). Many [metal](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/metal/) artifacts must have been shipped to Greece from Trapezus, which may explain why so many pieces of Greek art in the Oriental Style resemble Urartian objects.
The city was not to become wealthy because of its agricultural produce. Its [acropolis](https://www.worldhistory.org/Acropolis/) is on an outcrop of the Paryadres, a mountain range parallel to the coastline; there's almost no flat land that might have been suitable for [agriculture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Agriculture/). However, there's a good port (the only one east of Amisus), and there are several roads across the Paryadres mountains.
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The mountain slopes were covered with forests, allowing the Trapezians to build ships and produce wine and honey. Tuna fish is mentioned by Strabo, a geographer from nearby Amasia (Geography, 7.6.2). The Chalybes, as the Greeks called the mountain tribes, were well-known for producing iron ore. Later, we hear about other tribes living in the mountains, the Mossynoeci and Drilae.
### Persians, Greeks, & Mercenaries
Persian influence must have been real in the late sixth century BCE, at least theoretically, because the southern shore of the Black Sea is mentioned by [Herodotus](https://www.worldhistory.org/herodotus/) of [Halicarnassus](https://www.worldhistory.org/halicarnassus/) as part of the third and thirteenth tax districts of the [Achaemenid Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Achaemenid_Empire/). Later, the city may have been one of the towns of the [Delian League](https://www.worldhistory.org/Delian_League/).
In the early spring of 400 BCE, the remains of the army of the Persian usurper [Cyrus](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Cyrus/) the Younger, which had returned from their ill-fated expedition against [Artaxerxes II](https://www.worldhistory.org/Artaxerxes_II/) Mnemon, arrived in Trapezus; the survivors sacrificed to the Greek gods. One of its commanders, Xenophon, offers some information about the city in his Anabasis , which he calls "populous" (4.8.22). The army supported the Trapezians, who had a quarrel with both the Drilae (5.2) and the Mossynoeci (5.4).
Several years later, in 368/367 BCE, people from Arcadian Trapezus who were not willing to move to newly-founded Megalopolis, migrated to Pontic Trapezus (Pausanias, Guide to Greece, 8.2.7). Another generation later, the city was allotted to Eumenes of Cardia, one of the successors of [Alexander the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_the_Great/) ([Arrian](https://www.worldhistory.org/Arrian/), Events after [Alexander](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Alexander/)).
### [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) Trapezus
In the first half of the first century BCE, the city was part of the Pontic kingdom of [Mithradates](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/mithradates/) VI, and its port was used by the fleet of Pontus. Nevertheless, it soon joined the Romans, and was offered by [Pompey the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) to King Deiotares of [Galatia](https://www.worldhistory.org/galatia/). In the first century CE, the Romans later recognized Trapezus as a free city ([Pliny the Elder](https://www.worldhistory.org/Pliny_the_Elder/), Natural History, 6.4). According to later legends, Saint Andrew was to explain [Christianity](https://www.worldhistory.org/christianity/) to the Trapezians.
The conflict between [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) and the Parthians was mainly fought in [Syria](https://www.worldhistory.org/syria/), but the strategic importance of [Armenia](https://www.worldhistory.org/armenia/) made the Romans occupy the greater part of Anatolia. This made Trapezus an important city, because it was one of the few ports on the northern coast of this area. It was a crucial node between the *limes* (border zones) along the Rhine and the *limes* along the Euphrates.
During the reign of [Nero](https://www.worldhistory.org/Nero/) (53-68 CE), the city was in use as a supply base for the Armenian campaign of Corbulo ([Tacitus](https://www.worldhistory.org/tacitus/), Annals, 13.39); its strategic importance was, in the [Year of the Four Emperors](https://www.worldhistory.org/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors/), recognized by Anicetus, one of the supporters of [Vitellius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Vitellius/) (Tacitus, Histories, 3.47); and [Vespasian](https://www.worldhistory.org/Vespasian/) developed the area, building a road across the Zigana Pass, which was defended by the legionary fortress at Satala, base of XVI Flavia and, later, XV Apollinaris. Finally, it was [Hadrian](https://www.worldhistory.org/hadrian/) who improved the port (Arrian, Periplus). The remains have been identified.
In the crisis of 193 CE, Trapezus, now a flourishing city, supported Pescennius Niger, and was consequently punished by the victor of the civil [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/), [Septimius Severus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Septimius_Severus/). The city remained prosperous and attracted attacks by the [Visigoths](https://www.worldhistory.org/visigoth/) (in 257 CE) and [Sasanian](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sasanian_Empire/) Persians (in 258 CE) during the reign of [Valerian](https://www.worldhistory.org/valerian/). A double [wall](https://www.worldhistory.org/wall/) and a garrison of 10,000 additional soldiers were insufficient to prevent its capture, according to Zosimus.
[  Aqueduct & Fortifications of Trebizond NeoRetro (CC BY-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5136/aqueduct--fortifications-of-trebizond/ "Aqueduct & Fortifications of Trebizond")### Trapezus in Late Antiquity
The city walls were repaired by [Diocletian](https://www.worldhistory.org/Diocletian/) (284-305 CE), and Trapezus received a new garrison: the First Legion Pontica. This appears to have happened in the first decade of Diocletian's rule. The unit is mentioned in a dedication (CIL, 3, 6746) that can be dated to 297-305 CE and was still in this town when the Notitia Dignitatum was composed, an early 5th century CE list of Roman magistracies and military units.
The reign of Diocletian and Galerius, his [caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/), witnessed ferocious persecutions of the Christians. In Trapezus, Eugenius, Canidius, Valerian, and Aquila were tortured to [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/). About the latter, we know that he destroyed a statue of Mithras on a hill overlooking the city, and that he became the patron saint of Trapezus. Another sanctuary of Mithras was to serve as crypt for the church of Panaghia Theoskepastos. The driving force of the Christian fight against the cult of Mithras had been Gregory Thaumaturgus from nearby Neocaesarea.
During the reign of [Constantine](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Constantine/), the city belonged to the Diocese Oriens. It was represented by its bishop, Domnus, during the Council of Nicaea. We know that Prince Hannibalian founded a church dedicated to the Virgin; not much later, Ammianus Marcellinus calls Trapezus "a celebrated city" (Roman History, 22.8.16). Perhaps the Soumela Monastery, south of the city, was built in this age, although it may a bit younger.
During the reign of Justinian, the [aqueduct](https://www.worldhistory.org/aqueduct/) was improved (Procopius, Buildings, 3.7) and named after the [martyr](https://www.worldhistory.org/martyr/) Eugenius. An inscription proves that the walls were repaired as well. There were also repairs to the Soumela Monastery.
### [Byzantine](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Byzantine/) Trapezus
Under the Byzantine emperors, Trapezus suffered decline, although it was one of the places where Muslim merchants arrived to do business with Byzantine traders. From 824 CE, it was the capital of the theme (military district) of Chaldia.
After the knights of the [Fourth Crusade](https://www.worldhistory.org/Fourth_Crusade/) had captured [Constantinople](https://www.worldhistory.org/Constantinople/), however, the imperial dynasty of [Byzantium](https://www.worldhistory.org/Byzantium/), the Comnenes, escaped to Trapezus, making it the capital of the [Empire of Trebizond](https://www.worldhistory.org/Empire_of_Trebizond/). It surrendered to the Ottomans in 1461 CE, marking the end of the [Byzantine Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Byzantine_Empire/).
Little remains of ancient and medieval Trapezus, except for the ruin of the [palace](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/palace/) of the Comnenes and the [medieval church](https://www.worldhistory.org/Medieval_Church/) of [Hagia Sophia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hagia_Sophia/), the answer of Trebizond to the church with the same name in Constantinople. After the Ottoman take-over, Trapezian artists and scholars like Cardinal Bessarion traveled to [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/), taking with them precious manuscripts. The ancient city was, in this way, an important connection between the ancient [culture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/culture/), as continued in [Byzantine art](https://www.worldhistory.org/Byzantine_Art/) and scholarship, and the European Renaissance.
#### Editorial Review
This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/).
## Bibliography
- [Trapezus](http://www.livius.org/to-ts/trapezus/trapezus.html "Trapezus"), accessed 1 Dec 2016.
## Timeline
- **756 BCE**: Founding of [Trapezus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trapezus/).
- **630 BCE**: Cimmerians destroy [Trapezus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trapezus/).
- **400 BCE**: Remains of [Cyrus](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Cyrus/) the Younger's Persian army arrive in [Trapezus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trapezus/).
- **c. 75 BCE**: [Trapezus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trapezus/) is part of the Pontic Kingdom of [Mithradates VI](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mithridates_VI/).
- **c. 50 CE**: [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) recognizes [Trapezus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trapezus/) as free [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/).
- **257 CE**: [Visigoths](https://www.worldhistory.org/visigoth/) attack [Trapezus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trapezus/).
- **258 CE**: [Sasanian](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sasanian_Empire/) Persians attack [Trapezus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trapezus/).
- **824 CE**: [Trapezus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Trapezus/) becomes capital of the military distric of Chaldia.
## Cite This Work
### APA
Livius. (2011, November 04). Trebizond. *World History Encyclopedia*.
### Chicago
Livius. "Trebizond." *World History Encyclopedia*, November 04, 2011. .
### MLA
Livius. "Trebizond." *World History Encyclopedia*, 04 Nov 2011, .
## License & Copyright
© Jona Lendering of [Livius.org](http://www.livius.org/ "Livius"). Republished with the author's permission.' sfdffdsgsgssd Original definition by **Livius**. Submitted by [Jan van der Crabben](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/jvdc/ "User Page: Jan van der Crabben"), published on 04 November 2011. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: [Copyright](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright). You cannot use, copy, distribute, or modify this item without explicit permission from the author. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.