--- title: Sioux War Chief Gall (Eastman's Biography) author: Joshua J. Mark source: https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/ format: machine-readable-alternate license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) updated: 2024-04-17 --- # Sioux War Chief Gall (Eastman's Biography) _Authored by [Joshua J. Mark](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/JPryst/)_ Gall (*Phizi*, l. c. 1840-1894) was a Hunkpapa Lakota [Sioux](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux/) [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) chief best known for his participation in the [Battle of the Little Bighorn](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn/) in June 1876. He was a close associate of [Red Cloud](https://www.worldhistory.org/Red_Cloud/) (l. 1822-1909), [Sitting Bull](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sitting_Bull/) (l. c. 1837-1890), and [Crazy Horse](https://www.worldhistory.org/Crazy_Horse/) (l. c. 1840-1877) and was active in the resistance to Euro-American encroachment on Sioux lands. He participated in raids on white settlers traveling the Bozeman Trail in the early 1860s but assumed a more prominent position beginning with [Red Cloud's War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Red_Cloud's_War/) (1866-1868) and continuing through the [Great Sioux War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Great_Sioux_War/) of 1876-1877. Almost nothing is known of his youth except that he was an orphan, and his childhood name was *Matohinsa* (also given as *Matohinshda*, meaning "Bear-Shedding-His-Hair"). He was given his adult name (*Phizi* – "Man Who Goes in the Middle") in his teens after eating the gall bladder of an animal when he was hungry and later won a wrestling match against [Roman Nose (Cheyenne warrior)](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Nose_(Cheyenne_Warrior)/). Gall was adopted by Sitting Bull as a younger brother and trained by him as a warrior. He was among the Sioux warriors (including Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse) who refused to sign the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 ending Red Cloud's War, continuing the resistance to US expansionist policies. At the [Battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/) of the Little Bighorn, both of his wives and many of his children were murdered by the command under Major Marcus Reno, and he then countered Reno's charge, driving him toward the river and defeating him with the assistance of [Cheyenne](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cheyenne/) warriors. When Sitting Bull retreated into the region of modern-day Canada in 1877, Gall followed, but broke with his mentor/adopted brother in 1881 and returned to the United States to surrender. He was arrested and regarded as a prisoner of war before being sent to the Standing Rock Agency reservation, where he remained the rest of his life as a farmer. He served as a judge and liaison between his people and the US government, converting to [Christianity](https://www.worldhistory.org/christianity/) and advocating for peaceful relations with Euro-Americans, but as Eastman notes, his spirit seemed broken. [ ![Chief Gall of the Lakota Sioux in 1881](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/18836.jpeg?v=1713296019-1713344475) Chief Gall of the Lakota Sioux in 1881 U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (Public Domain) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18836/chief-gall-of-the-lakota-sioux-in-1881/ "Chief Gall of the Lakota Sioux in 1881")### Text One of the most important documents on Gall is the account given by Sioux author and physician Charles A. Eastman (also known as Ohiyesa, l. 1858-1939) in his *Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains* (1916), based on stories he had gathered on the war chief from those who had known him. Although not a first-person account, Eastman's work is regarded as more or less accurate and the closest to an authentic biography of Gall. The following text is taken from the 1939 edition of Eastman's work, republished in 2016: > Chief Gall was one of the most aggressive leaders of the Sioux Nation in their last stand for freedom. > The westward pressure of [civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/civilization/) during the past three centuries has been tremendous. When our hemisphere was "discovered", it had been inhabited by the natives for untold ages, but it was held undiscovered because the original owners did not chart or advertise it. Yet some of them at least had developed ideals of life which included real liberty and equality to all men, and they did not recognize individual ownership in land or other property beyond actual necessity. It was a soul development leading to essential manhood. Under this system they brought forth some striking characters. > Gall was considered by both Indians and whites to be a most impressive type of physical manhood. From his picture you can judge of this for yourself. > Let us follow his trail. He was no tenderfoot. He never asked a soft place for himself. He always played the game according to the rules and to a finish. To be sure, like every other man, he made some mistakes, but he was an Indian and never acted the coward. > The earliest stories told of his life and doings indicate the spirit of the man in that of the boy. > When he was only about three years old, the Blackfoot band of Sioux were on their usual roving hunt, following the buffalo while living their natural happy life upon the wonderful wide prairies of the Dakotas. > It was the way of every Sioux mother to adjust her household effects on such dogs and pack ponies as she could muster from day to day, often lending one or two to accommodate some other woman whose horse or dog had died, or perhaps had been among those stampeded and carried away by a raiding band of Crow warriors. On this particular occasion, the mother of our young Sioux brave, Matohinshda, or Bear-Shedding-His-Hair (Gall's childhood name), entrusted her boy to an old Eskimo pack dog, experienced and reliable, except perhaps when unduly excited or very thirsty. > On the day of removing camp the caravan made its morning march up the Powder River. Upon the wide table-land the [women](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/women/) were busily digging teepsinna (an edible sweetish root, much used by them) as the moving village slowly progressed. As usual at such times, the trail was wide. An old jack rabbit had waited too long in hiding. Now, finding himself almost surrounded by the mighty plains people, he sprang up suddenly, his feathery ears conspicuously erect, a dangerous challenge to the dogs and the people. > A whoop went up. Every dog accepted the challenge. Forgotten were the bundles, the kits, even the babies they were drawing or carrying. The chase was on, and the screams of the women reechoed from the opposite cliffs of the Powder, mingled with the yelps of dogs and the neighing of horses. The hand of every man was against the daring warrior, the lone Jack, and the confusion was great. > When the fleeing one cleared the mass of his enemies, he emerged with a swiftness that commanded respect and gave promise of a determined chase. Behind him, his pursuers stretched out in a thin line, first the speedy, unburdened dogs and then the travois dogs headed by the old Eskimo with his precious freight. The youthful Gall was in a travois, a basket mounted on trailing poles and harnessed to the sides of the animal. > "Hey! hey! they are gaining on him!" a warrior shouted. At this juncture two of the canines had almost nabbed their furry prey by the back. But he was too cunning for them. He dropped instantly and sent both dogs over his head, rolling and spinning, then made another flight at right angles to the first. This gave the Eskimo a chance to cut the triangle. He gained fifty yards, but being heavily handicapped, two unladen dogs passed him. The same trick was repeated by the Jack, and this time he saved himself from instant [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) by a double loop and was now running directly toward the crowd, followed by a dozen or more dogs. He was losing speed, but likewise his pursuers were dropping off steadily. Only the sturdy Eskimo dog held to his even gait, and behind him in the frail travois leaned forward the little Matohinshda, nude save a breech clout, his left hand holding fast the convenient tail of his dog, the right grasping firmly one of the poles of the travois. His black eyes were bulging almost out of their sockets; his long hair flowed out behind like a stream of dark water. > The Jack now ran directly toward the howling spectators, but his marvelous speed and alertness were on the wane; while on the other hand his foremost pursuer, who had taken part in hundreds of similar events, had every confidence in his own endurance. Each leap brought him nearer, fiercer and more determined. The last effort of the Jack was to lose himself in the crowd, like a fish in muddy water; but the big dog made the one needed leap with unerring aim and his teeth flashed as he caught the rabbit in viselike jaws and held him limp in air, a victor! > The people rushed up to him as he laid the victim down, and foremost among them was the frantic mother of Matohinshda, or Gall. "Michinkshe! michinkshe!" (My son! my son!) she screamed as she drew near. The boy seemed to be none the worse for his experience. "Mother!" he cried, "my dog is brave: he got the rabbit!" She snatched him off the travois, but he struggled out of her arms to look upon his dog lovingly and admiringly. Old men and boys crowded about the hero of the day, the dog, and the thoughtful grandmother of Matohinshda unharnessed him and poured some water from a parfleche water bag into a basin. "Here, my grandson, give your friend something to drink." > "How, hechetu," pronounced an old warrior no longer in active service. "This may be only an accident, an ordinary affair; but such things sometimes indicate a career. The boy has had a wonderful ride. I prophesy that he will one day hold the attention of all the people with his doings." > This is the first remembered story of the famous chief, but other boyish exploits foretold the man he was destined to be. He fought many sham battles, some successful and others not; but he was always a fierce fighter and a good loser. > Once he was engaged in a battle with snowballs. There were probably nearly a hundred boys on each side, and the rule was that every fair hit made the receiver officially dead. He must not participate further but must remain just where he was struck. > Gall's side was fast losing, and the battle was growing hotter every minute when the youthful warrior worked toward an old water hole and took up his position there. His side was soon annihilated and there were eleven men left to fight him. He was pressed close in the wash-out, and as he dodged under cover before a volley of snowballs, there suddenly emerged in his stead a huge gray wolf. His opponents fled in every direction in superstitious terror, for they thought he had been transformed into the animal. To their astonishment he came out on the farther side and ran to the line of safety, a winner! > It happened that the wolf's den had been partly covered with snow so that no one had noticed it until the yells of the boys aroused the inmate, and he beat a hasty retreat. The boys always looked upon this incident as an omen. > Gall had an amiable disposition but was quick to resent insult or injustice. This sometimes involved him in difficulties, but he seldom fought without good cause and was popular with his associates. One of his characteristics was his ability to organize, and this was a large factor in his leadership when he became a man. He was tried in many ways, and never was known to hesitate when it was a question of physical courage and endurance. He entered the public service early in life, but not until he had proved himself competent and passed all tests. > When a mere boy, he was once scouting for game in midwinter, far from camp, and was overtaken by a three days' blizzard. He was forced to abandon his horse and lie under the snow for that length of time. He afterward said he was not particularly hungry; it was thirst and stiffness from which he suffered most. One reason the Indian so loved his horse or dog was that at such times the animal would stay by him like a brother. On this occasion Gall's pony was not more than a stone's throw away when the storm subsided, and the sun shone. There was a herd of buffalo in plain sight, and the young hunter was not long in procuring a meal. > This chief's contemporaries still recall his wrestling match with the equally powerful Cheyenne boy, [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) Nose, who afterward became a chief well known to American history. It was a custom of the northwestern Indians, when two friendly tribes camped together, to establish the physical and athletic supremacy of the youth of the respective camps. > The "Che-hoo-hoo" is a wrestling game in which there may be any number on a side, but the numbers are equal. All the boys of each camp are called together by a leader chosen for the purpose and draw themselves up in line of battle; then each at a given signal attacks his opponent. > In this memorable contest, Matohinshda, or Gall, was placed opposite Roman Nose. The whole people turned out as spectators of the struggle, and the battlefield was a plateau between the two camps, in the midst of picturesque Bad Lands. There were many athletic youths present, but these two were really the Apollos of the two tribes. > In this kind of sport, it is not allowed to strike with the hand, nor catch around the neck, nor kick, nor pull by the hair. One may break away and run a few yards to get a fresh start, or clinch, or catch as catch can. When a boy is thrown and held to the ground, he is counted out. If a boy has met his superior, he may drop to the ground to escape rough handling, but it is very seldom one gives up without a full trial of strength. > It seemed almost like a real battle, so great was the enthusiasm, as the shouts of sympathizers on both sides went up in a mighty chorus. At last, all were either conquerors or subdued except Gall and Roman Nose. The pair seemed equally matched. Both were stripped to the breech clout, now tugging like two young buffalo or elk in mating time, again writhing, and twisting like [serpents](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Serpents/). At times they fought like two wild stallions, straining every muscle of arms, legs, and back in the struggle. Every now and then one was lifted off his feet for a moment, but came down planted like a tree, and after swaying to and fro soon became rigid again. > All eyes were upon the champions. Finally, either by trick or main force, Gall laid the other sprawling upon the ground and held him fast for a minute, then released him and stood erect, panting, a master youth. Shout after shout went up on the Sioux side of the camp. The mother of Roman Nose came forward and threw a superbly worked buffalo robe over Gall, whose mother returned the compliment by covering the young Cheyenne with a handsome blanket. > Undoubtedly these early contests had their influence upon our hero's career. It was his habit to appear most opportunely in a crisis, and in a striking and dramatic manner to take command of the situation. The best-known example of this is his entrance on the scene of confusion when Reno surprised the Sioux on the Little Big Horn. Many of the excitable youths, almost unarmed, rushed madly and blindly to meet the intruder, and the scene might have unnerved even an experienced warrior. It was Gall, with not a garment upon his superb body, who on his black charger dashed ahead of the boys and faced them. He stopped them on the dry creek, while the bullets of Reno's men whistled about their ears. > "Hold hard, men! Steady, we are not ready yet! Wait for more guns, more horses, and the day is yours!" > They obeyed, and in a few minutes the signal to charge was given, and Reno retreated pell mell before the onset of the Sioux. > Sitting Bull had confidence in his men so long as Gall planned and directed the attack, whether against United States soldiers or the warriors of another tribe. He was a strategist, and able in a twinkling to note and seize upon an advantage. He was really the mainstay of Sitting Bull's effective last stand. He consistently upheld his people's right to their buffalo plains and believed that they should hold the government strictly to its agreements with them. When the treaty of 1868 was disregarded, he agreed with Sitting Bull in defending the last of their once vast domain, and after the Custer battle entered Canada with his chief. They hoped to bring their lost cause before the English government and were much disappointed when they were asked to return to the United States. > Gall finally reported at Fort Peck, Montana, in 1881, and brought half of the Hunkpapa band with him, whereupon he was soon followed by Sitting Bull himself. Although they had been promised by the United States commission who went to Canada to treat with them that they would not be punished if they returned, no sooner had Gall come down than a part of his people were attacked, and in the spring they were all brought to Fort Randall and held as military prisoners. From this point they were returned to Standing Rock agency. > When "Buffalo Bill" successfully launched his first show, he made every effort to secure both Sitting Bull and Gall for his leading attractions. The military was in complete accord with him in this, for they still had [grave](https://www.worldhistory.org/burial/) suspicions of these two leaders. While Sitting Bull reluctantly agreed, Gall haughtily said: "I am not an animal to be exhibited before the crowd," and retired to his teepee. His spirit was much worn, and he lost strength from that time on. That superb manhood dwindled, and in a few years he died. He was a real hero of a free and natural people, a type that is never to be seen again. #### Editorial Review This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/). ## Bibliography - [Blackhawk, N. *The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmasking of U.S. History.* Yale University Press, 2023.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0300244053/) - [Dunbar-Ortiz, R. *An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States .* Beacon Press, 2015.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0807057835/) - [Eastman, C. A. *Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains.* CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/1539691683/) - [Gall : Aktá Lakota Museum & Cultural Center](https://aktalakota.stjo.org/american-indian-leaders/gall/#:~:text=As%20a%20young%20man%2C%20Gall,Dakota%20Indians%20returning%20to%20reservations. "Gall : Aktá Lakota Museum & Cultural Center"), accessed 16 Apr 2024. - [Nozedar, A. *The Element Encyclopedia of Native Americans.* Harper Element, 2012.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/1435142357/) - [Utley, R. M. *Sitting Bull: The Life and Times of an American Patriot.* Holt Paperbacks, 2008.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/080508830X/) ## About the Author Joshua J. Mark is World History Encyclopedia's co-founder and Content Director. He was previously a professor at Marist College (NY) where he taught history, philosophy, literature, and writing. He has traveled extensively and lived in Greece and Germany. - [Linkedin Profile](https://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-j-mark/38/614/339) ## Timeline - **c. 1840 CE - 1894 CE**: Life of [Sioux war chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/). - **c. 1863 CE - c. 1866 CE**: [Sioux war chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/) is active in raids on white settlers on the Bozeman Trail. - **1866 CE - 1868 CE**: [Sioux war chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/) fights in [Red Cloud's War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Red_Cloud's_War/). - **1868 CE**: [Sioux war chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/) refuses to sign the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, continues to resist US government policies of expansion. - **c. 1868 CE - c. 1876 CE**: [Rain-in-the-Face](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rain-in-the-Face/) follows [Sitting Bull](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sitting_Bull/) and [Sioux war chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/) in continuing to resist US government's expansionist policies. - **1876 CE - 1877 CE**: [Sioux war chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/) is a strategist for [Sitting Bull](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sitting_Bull/) during the [Great Sioux War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Great_Sioux_War/). - **Jun 1876 CE**: [Sioux war chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/) defeats Major Reno at the [Battle of the Little Bighorn](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn/). - **1877 CE**: [Rain-in-the-Face](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rain-in-the-Face/) retreats to Canada with [Sitting Bull](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sitting_Bull/) and [Sioux War Chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/). - **1877 CE**: [Sioux war chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/) follows [Sitting Bull](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sitting_Bull/) on his retreat into Canada. - **1881 CE**: Gall returns to the United States and surrenders; is arrested and sent to Standing Rock Agency reservation. - **c. 1882 CE - 1894 CE**: [Sioux war chief Gall](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/) serves as a judge and liaison between the [Sioux](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux/) and the US government until his [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) in 1894. ## Questions & Answers ### Who was Gall? Gall was a Sioux war chief who fought in Red Cloud's War and the Great Sioux War. He was known as a brilliant strategist. ### What is War Chief Gall best known for? Gall is best known for his victory over Major Reno at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876. ### Why did Gall break with Sitting Bull? Gall broke with Sitting Bull over the question of surrender to US authorities. Sitting Bull refused to surrender, so Gall left Canada with his followers and returned to the United States to surrender to save his people from starvation. Sitting Bull later followed. ### How did Gall die? Gall died of natural causes in 1894 at the Standing Rock Agency reservation. ## External Links - [Gall : Aktá Lakota Museum & Cultural Center](https://aktalakota.stjo.org/american-indian-leaders/gall/#:~:text=As%20a%20young%20man%2C%20Gall,Dakota%20Indians%20returning%20to%20reservations.) - [A Victor in Defeat | National Archives](https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/fall/gall.html) - [Gall: Famous Native American Indian Chief ***](https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/famous-native-americans/gall.htm) - [Gall - Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)](https://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/gall.htm) - [American-Tribes.com](https://american-tribes.com/Lakota/BIO/Gall.htm) ## Cite This Work ### APA Mark, J. J. (2024, April 17). Sioux War Chief Gall (Eastman's Biography). *World History Encyclopedia*. [https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux\_War\_Chief\_Gall/](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/) ### Chicago Mark, Joshua J.. "Sioux War Chief Gall (Eastman's Biography)." *World History Encyclopedia*, April 17, 2024. [https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux\_War\_Chief\_Gall/](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/). ### MLA Mark, Joshua J.. "Sioux War Chief Gall (Eastman's Biography)." *World History Encyclopedia*, 17 Apr 2024, [https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux\_War\_Chief\_Gall/](https://www.worldhistory.org/Sioux_War_Chief_Gall/). ## License & Copyright Submitted by [Joshua J. Mark](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/JPryst/ "User Page: Joshua J. Mark"), published on 17 April 2024. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en). 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