--- title: Marcus Claudius Marcellus author: Mark Cartwright source: https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/ format: machine-readable-alternate license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) updated: 1970-01-01 --- # Marcus Claudius Marcellus _Authored by [Mark Cartwright](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/)_ Marcus [Claudius](https://www.worldhistory.org/claudius/) Marcellus (c. 270-208 BCE) was a five-time [consul](https://www.worldhistory.org/Consul/) and, earning the nickname the 'Sword of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)', he was one of the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/)'s greatest military commanders. Active in both the First and Second [Punic Wars](https://www.worldhistory.org/Punic_Wars/), he also won honours for his campaigns in [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/) and the capture of Mediolanum (modern Milan). Battling [Hannibal](https://www.worldhistory.org/hannibal/) in southern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/) and then famously capturing [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) on [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/), Marcellus' run of victories came to an end when he faced the Carthaginian general in 209 BCE. One year later the [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) commander was killed in an ambush near Venusia (modern Venosa), where his [tomb](https://www.worldhistory.org/tomb/) marker still stands today. He is not to be confused with Emperor [Augustus](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/)' nephew of the same name. ### Early Career Marcellus was born c. 270 BCE and first gained recognition as a military [tribune](https://www.worldhistory.org/Tribune/) during the final years of the [First Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Punic_War/) (264-241 BCE) against [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/). He was made (at unknown dates) an augur, curule, [quaestor](https://www.worldhistory.org/Quaestor/), then an [aedile](https://www.worldhistory.org/Aedile/) c. 226 BCE, and finally a [praetor](https://www.worldhistory.org/praetor/) as he climbed up the various political rankings of ancient Rome. According to the [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/)-Roman writer [Plutarch](https://www.worldhistory.org/plutarch/) (c. 45 - c. 125 CE) in his biography *Marcellus*, he had a son, Marcus. Plutarch, in his opening paragraph, describes the character of Marcellus in the following terms: > He was, indeed, by long experience, skilful in [the art of war](https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Art_of_War/), of a strong body, valiant of hand, and by natural inclinations addicted to [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/). This high temper and heat he showed conspicuously in [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/); in other respects he was modest and obliging. ### Northern Italy Campaigns Marcellus was made consul for the first time in 222 BCE. It was a role he would take on four more times in 215, 214, 210, and 208 BCE, an unusual run made possible by the suspension of the usual election rules during the long [Second Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Punic_War/) (218-201 BCE). In his first consulate he established his reputation for skill and courage on the battlefield. Campaigning against the Gauls in northern Italy, he rescued Clastidium (modern Casteggio) from imminent collapse. Then, with help from Cornelius [Scipio](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Scipio/) Calvus, he captured Mediolanum and famously led a cavalry charge which allowed him to kill the Insubrian chief Viridomarus in single combat. He received the great honour of the *spolia opima* or 'spoils of honour' for the deed - one of only a handful of such commander-duels in Roman history - and a [triumph](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Triumph/) for his campaign. Marcellus' exploits were then celebrated in a popular play of the time by Naevius, *Clastidium*. Marcellus himself dedicated a [temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) to both Honos and Virtus, the Roman gods of Honour and Virtue respectively, although the project was not actually finished until 208 BCE. [ ![Roman Victory](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2118.png?v=1777602991) Roman Victory CA (Copyright) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2118/roman-victory/ "Roman Victory")### Second [Punic](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/) War During the Second Punic War the horrors of war came much closer to home for the Romans, and commanders like Marcellus would have to face their greatest challenge. In 216 BCE Marcellus was praetor again and he was sent to defend the city of Nola in Campania from attack by the Carthaginian general Hannibal who had now invaded Italy and already won significant battles at Ticinus, Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae (218-216 BCE). Nola was held, and Marcellus was briefly given a consulship for the second time in 215 BCE before he was forced to step down, probably because his election meant neither consul was of the [patrician](https://www.worldhistory.org/Patrician/) class. Instead, he was given a proconsul command and then made consul the year after. In 214 BCE Marcellus again defended Nola against Hannibal's forces and then recaptured from the enemy Casilinum on the Via Appia. The Roman general next switched battlefields to Sicily. After taking Leontinoi, Marcellus set his sights on the jewel of Sicily, fortress Syracuse. He blockaded the harbour with 60 artillery-mounted ships and attacked from the sea while Claudius Pulcher led an army on land to bombard the city from two sides. Still, the defenders had an ace up their sleeves in the form of the brilliant scientist and inventor [Archimedes](https://www.worldhistory.org/Archimedes/) whose wicked artillery and grappling machines managed to keep the Romans at bay. After an eight-month siege, and despite Carthage sending an army of 23,000 in support, the city did finally fall in 212 BCE. The capitulation of the fortress was largely thanks to several mercenary leaders defecting to support the Romans. It was they who told Marcellus that the defenders were in the midst of a festival to honour [Artemis](https://www.worldhistory.org/artemis/), and the general took swift advantage by launching a night attack that took the city. In the chaotic aftermath of the city's occupation, Archimedes (and many others) were ruthlessly killed, although Marcellus had ordered that the scientist be spared. Marcellus promptly shipped back as much fine art booty as he could lay his hands on from his new prize in an innovative and highly successful strategy to impress his fellow Romans. Marcellus would be criticised by the historian [Polybius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Polybius/) (c. 200-115 BCE) not because it was wrong to take from the conquered but because it was dangerous to adopt the luxury-loving ways which had softened them up for defeat. The range and excellence of the Greek art which found its way from Sicily to Rome did have one effect, to inspire Roman artists to greater endeavour in their own paintings and [sculpture](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Sculpture/). [ ![Territories During the Second Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/5177.png?v=1769080868) Territories During the Second Punic War Javierfv1212 (CC BY-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5177/territories-during-the-second-punic-war/ "Territories During the Second Punic War")More victories on the island, which included dispensing with surviving Carthaginian forces at [Agrigento](https://www.worldhistory.org/agrigento/), ensured Marcellus fully deserved his *ovatio* (one step down from a full Triumph) in Rome in 211 BCE. They were the first military celebrations of the Second Punic War and, with [Scipio Africanus](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Scipio_Africanus/)' victories in Spain in 209 BCE, the conflict was finally swinging Rome's way. The wings of fortune might have been fluttering on the side of the Romans but they still had a lethal enemy encamped in the south of the Italian peninsula to deal with. Marcellus overturned the established Roman strategy of not trying to face Hannibal's army in direct battle. Ever since Cannae and their heavy defeat there the Romans had adopted the so-called 'Fabian policy', named after Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, the dictator of 217 BCE, who earned the nickname 'Cunctator' (Delayer). Fabius knew that Hannibal might win direct confrontations but he could be worn down by attacking his allies and blocking his supplies by sea. Marcellus, on the other hand, was now eager to meet the Carthaginian head on and settle the issue sooner rather than later. The more aggressive commander thus earned the later historian Posidonius' name for the pairing of Maximus and Marcellus as Rome's 'Shield and Sword' respectively. ### [Death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) & Legacy Made consul once again in 210 BCE, Marcellus was, no doubt, confident after his own victories against the Gauls and Sicilians that he could match Rome's great nemesis on a level battlefield. However, in 209 BCE, with Marcellus this time acting as a proconsul, when the pair finally met on the battlefield at Canusium the Carthaginian won. Criticised for being too passive at Canusium, fate would not give Marcellus an opportunity for revenge as he was ambushed near Venusium in southern Italy in 208 BCE. Again serving as consul and preparing to attack Locri with his colleague Quinctius Crispinus, Marcellus was killed outright while Crispinus was wounded (but died later). According to the Roman writer [Livy](https://www.worldhistory.org/livy/) (64/59 BCE - 17 CE), Hannibal showed the decency to give Marcellus a proper funeral but he also used the Roman's signet ring to try and deceive towns loyal to Rome with forged letters, notably Salapia. The ruse was unsuccessful because Crispinus had managed to inform them of Marcellus' death. [ ![Tomb Marker of Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/7138.jpg?v=1769080871) Tomb Marker of Marcellus Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7138/tomb-marker-of-marcellus/ "Tomb Marker of Marcellus")Meanwhile, Hannibal had the bones of Marcellus sent to Rome in a [silver](https://www.worldhistory.org/Silver/) urn with a [gold](https://www.worldhistory.org/gold/) crown. Unfortunately, according to Plutarch, a contingent of Numidians intercepted the mission and cast the bones unceremoniously to the ground where they were left and lost. Livy, on the other hand, reports that the relics safely reached Rome. The speech of Marcellus' son, delivered at his father's funeral, was later published. The remains of the stone monument thought to [mark](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Mark/) the warrior's tomb still stands, rather forlornly it must be said, in modern Venosa, tucked away in an ordinary row of street houses. The great general was honoured by various statues and monuments around the [Mediterranean](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/mediterranean/) and one, at Lindus, according to Posidonius (quoted by Plutarch) carried the following inscription: > This was, O stranger, once Rome's star divine, > Claudius Marcellus of an ancient line; > To fight her wars seven times her consul made, > Low in the dust her enemies he laid. Marcellus's loss was a heavy blow for Rome - he had been in a position of *imperium* command throughout the previous decade - but Hannibal would soon be forced to return to [Africa](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/africa/) and defend Carthage against Scipio Africanus' attacks. Carthage's long war with Rome would end in defeat at the Battle of Zama in 202 BCE. Marcellus' reputation and fame would continue well beyond his own death. Livy was a little critical, suggesting the commander was rather pedantic and too superstitious, but Plutarch gives a more glowing character portrait, albeit one meant to fit in his scheme of parallel biographies with Greek commanders. Still, Marcellus' successes in Gaul and the taking of mighty Syracuse are undisputed history. In addition, as one of Rome's great commanders and a symbol of honourable leadership, his campaigns against the Gauls were cited in the Augustan *fasti records two centuries later as the epitome of Roman virtue. #### Editorial Review This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/). ## Bibliography - [Plutarch's Marcellus](http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/marcellu.html "Plutarch's Marcellus"), accessed 29 Aug 2017. - [Bagnall, N. *The Punic Wars.* Thomas Dunne Books, 2005.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0312342144/) - [Barchiesi, A. *The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies.* Oxford University Press, 2010.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0199211523/) - [Hornblower, S. *The Oxford Classical Dictionary.* Oxford University Press, 2012.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0199545561/) - [Hoyos, D. *A Companion to the Punic Wars.* Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/1119025508/) - [Miles, R. *Carthage Must Be Destroyed.* Penguin, 2017.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/B01MTN73KN/) ## About the Author Mark is WHE’s Publishing Director and has an MA in Political Philosophy (University of York). He is a full-time researcher, writer, historian and editor. Special interests include art, architecture and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. ## Timeline - **c. 270 BCE - 208 BCE**: Life of [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) commander [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/). - **c. 226 BCE**: [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) is made a [praetor](https://www.worldhistory.org/praetor/). - **222 BCE**: [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) is made [consul](https://www.worldhistory.org/Consul/) for the first time. - **216 BCE**: [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) successfully defends Nola against attack from [Hannibal](https://www.worldhistory.org/hannibal/) during the [Second Punic War](https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Punic_War/). - **215 BCE**: [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) is made [consul](https://www.worldhistory.org/Consul/). - **214 BCE**: [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) is made [consul](https://www.worldhistory.org/Consul/). - **213 BCE - 212 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) commander [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) lays seige to and ultimately sacks [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/). - **212 BCE**: A [Carthaginian army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Army/) is defeated in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/) by a [Roman army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Army/) led by Marcellus. [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) falls to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) who now control the island. - **211 BCE**: [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) is given a [triumph](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Triumph/) for his capture of [Syracuse](https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/) and victories in [Sicily](https://www.worldhistory.org/sicily/). - **210 BCE**: [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) is made [consul](https://www.worldhistory.org/Consul/). - **208 BCE**: [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) is made [consul](https://www.worldhistory.org/Consul/) for the fifth time. - **208 BCE**: [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) commander [Marcus Claudius Marcellus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) is killed in an ambush in Venusia, southern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/). ## Cite This Work ### APA Cartwright, M. (2017, August 30). Marcus Claudius Marcellus. *World History Encyclopedia*. [https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus\_Claudius\_Marcellus/](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/) ### Chicago Cartwright, Mark. "Marcus Claudius Marcellus." *World History Encyclopedia*, August 30, 2017. [https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus\_Claudius\_Marcellus/](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/). ### MLA Cartwright, Mark. "Marcus Claudius Marcellus." *World History Encyclopedia*, 30 Aug 2017, [https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus\_Claudius\_Marcellus/](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/). ## License & Copyright Submitted by [Mark Cartwright](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/ "User Page: Mark Cartwright"), published on 30 August 2017. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en). This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.