---
title: Julius Caesar
author: Joshua J. Mark
source: https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/
format: machine-readable-alternate
license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
updated: 2025-02-04
---

# Julius Caesar

_Authored by [Joshua J. Mark](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/JPryst/)_

Gaius [Julius](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Julius/) [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) was born 12 July 100 BCE (though some cite 102 as his birth year). His father, also Gaius Julius Caesar, was a [Praetor](https://www.worldhistory.org/praetor/) who governed the province of Asia and his mother, Aurelia Cotta, was of noble birth. Both held to the Populare ideology of [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) which favored democratization of government and more rights for the lower class as opposed to the Optimate factions' claim of the superiority of the nobility and traditional [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) values which favored the upper classes. It should be understood that the Optimate and the Populare were not political parties in conflict with each other but, rather, political ideologies which many people shifted toward and from, regardless of class in society. The concept of appealing to the people for support, rather than seeking approval from the [Roman Senate](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Senate/) or the other [Patricians](https://www.worldhistory.org/Patrician/), would work well for Caesar later in life.

### Youth & Military Service

When he was sixteen, his father died and Caesar became the head of the family. Deciding that belonging to the priesthood would bring the most benefit to the family, he managed to have himself nominated as the new High Priest of [Jupiter](https://www.worldhistory.org/jupiter/). As a priest not only had to be of [patrician](https://www.worldhistory.org/Patrician/) stock, but married to a patrician, Caesar broke off his engagement to a plebian girl and married the patrician, Cornelia, daughter of a high profile and influential member of the Populares, Lucius Cinna. When the Roman ruler [Sulla](https://www.worldhistory.org/sulla/) declared himself dictator, he began a systematic purge of his enemies and particularly of those who held to the Populare ideology. Caesar was targeted and fled Rome but his sentence was lifted through the intercession of his mother's family. Still, he was stripped of his position as priest and his wife's dowry was confiscated. Left without means of supporting himself or his family, Caesar joined the army.

He proved himself an effective soldier, even being awarded the civic crown for saving a life in [battle](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/battle/), and was promoted to the staff of the military legate to Bithynia to secure a fleet of ships. In this, as in his time as a soldier, Caesar was successful and, when Sulla died, he decided to return to Rome and try his luck as an orator (a modern-day lawyer). In this, too, he proved a success and became well known as an eloquent speaker.

In 75 BCE, while sailing to [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/), Caesar was kidnapped by pirates and held for ransom. In keeping with the high opinion he had of himself, it is said that when the pirates told him he would be ransomed for twenty talents, Caesar claimed he was worth at least fifty. While he was held captive by them, Caesar was treated well and consistently maintained a friendly relationship with the pirates. He is said to have repeatedly told them that, upon his release, he would hunt them down and have them crucified for the affront to his family and personal dignity and this threat the pirates understood as a joke. Upon his release, however, Caesar made good on that threat. He had the pirates' throats slit before [crucifixion](https://www.worldhistory.org/crucifixion/), however, in a show of leniency owing to their easy treatment of him in captivity. This determination of Caesar's, to do exactly what he said he would do, became one of his defining characteristics throughout his life.

### The [First Triumvirate](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Triumvirate/)

Back in Rome, Caesar was elected military [tribune](https://www.worldhistory.org/Tribune/) and, his wife Cornelia having died, married Pompeia, a wealthy Optimate granddaughter of the Emperor Sulla. Rising now in prominence in Rome, Caesar had enough prestige to effectively support Gnaeus Pompeius (later known as [Pompey the Great](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/)) for a generalship. During this time he also became friends with the wealthiest man in Rome, [Marcus Licinius Crassus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus/). [Crassus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus/), it is thought, helped fund Caesar's bid for election to the position of Chief Priest (Pontifex Maximus) which he won in 63 BCE. In 62 he was elected praetor, divorced Pompeia after a scandal she was implicated in with another man, and sailed for Spain in 61 as Propraetor (governor) of Hispania.

[ ![The First Triumvirate of the Roman Republic, c. 60-53 BCE](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/19419.png?v=1770633246-1725608642) The First Triumvirate of the Roman Republic, c. 60-53 BCE Simeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-ND) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/19419/the-first-triumvirate-of-the-roman-republic-c-60-5/ "The First Triumvirate of the Roman Republic, c. 60-53 BCE")In Spain, Caesar defeated the warring rival tribes, brought stability to the region, and won the personal allegiance of his troops through his skill on the battlefield. He was awarded a consulship by the senate. Returning to Rome with high honors, Caesar entered into a business/political agreement with [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) and Crassus, in 60 BCE, dubbed The First Triumvirate by modern scholars and historians (though no one in ancient Rome used that term). Caesar married Calpurnia, the daughter of a wealthy and powerful Populare senator, and married his daughter Julia to Pompey to further cement their arrangements. The three men together then effectively ruled Rome, Caesar as [consul](https://www.worldhistory.org/Consul/), by pushing through measures favored by Pompey or Crassus in the senate. Caesar proposed legislation for reform of government, opposing Optimate sentiment, and a redistribution of land to the poor, both long-held Populare goals. His initiatives were supported by Crassus' wealth and Pompey's soldiers, thus solidly aligning The First Triumvirate with the Populare faction. As long as Caesar was a public servant he was safe from prosecution by his Optimate enemies for his legal indiscretions but, once his consulship ended, he was sure to be indicted. Further, Caesar was deeply in debt, both financially and politically, to Crassus, and needed to raise both money and his prestige.

### Caesar's [Conquest](https://www.worldhistory.org/warfare/) of [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/)

Recognizing the wealth to be gained through conquest, Caesar left Rome with his legions and went to Gaul in 58 BCE. He defeated the tribes there just as he had done in Spain and secured the borders of the provinces. When the Germanic tribes seemed threatening to invade, Caesar built a bridge over the Rhine River, marched his legions across in a show of force, then marched them back and had the bridge dismantled. The Germans understood the message and never invaded. He defeated the tribes of the north and twice invaded [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/) (Rome's first incursion into the British isles). At the [Battle of Alesia](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1734/battle-of-alesia/), in 52 BCE, Caesar defeated the Gallic leader [Vercingetorix](https://www.worldhistory.org/vercingetorix/) and completed the conquest of Gaul. He was now effectively the sovereign of the province of Gaul with all the attendant wealth at his disposal.

Back in Rome, however, The First Triumvirate had disintegrated. Crassus was killed in battle against the Parthians in 54 BCE and, that same year, Julia died in childbirth. Without Caesar's daughter and his financial and political backer tying him to Pompey, the latter aligned himself with the Optimate faction in Rome which he had long favored. Pompey was now the sole military and political power in Rome and had the senate declare Caesar's governorship of Gaul terminated and, further, ordered him to return to Rome as a private citizen. This would mean Caesar could be prosecuted for his actions when he was consul.

[ ![Caesar's Campaign against the Belgae](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/240.gif?v=1713554283) Caesar's Campaign against the Belgae US Military Academy (Public Domain) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/240/caesars-campaign-against-the-belgae/ "Caesar's Campaign against the Belgae")### Crossing the [Rubicon](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Rubicon/) & [Cleopatra](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/cleopatra/)

Rather than returning to Rome as ordered, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with his legions and marched on the [city](https://www.worldhistory.org/city/) in 49 BCE. This was considered an act of [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) as the Rubicon was the border between the province of Gaul and Rome. Pompey, rather than meet Caesar's legions in battle, fled to Spain and then to Greece where he was defeated by Caesar's much smaller force at the [Battle of Pharsalus](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/697/the-battle-of-pharsalus/) in 48 BCE. Pompey himself escaped from the battle and went to [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/) where he expected to find friends from his time spent there. News of Caesar's great victory reached Egypt before him, however, and the Egyptians, believing that the gods favored Caesar over Pompey, had Pompey killed as he stepped on shore.

Caesar, arriving in Egypt in pursuit of Pompey, claimed outrage over Pompey's [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/), proclaimed martial [law](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/law/), and took over the royal [palace](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/palace/). According to the historian Durant, he then secretly sent for [Cleopatra VII](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cleopatra_VII/), co-regent with Ptolomey XIII who had been deposed and was in exile, who had herself smuggled through enemy lines rolled up inside a carpet (according to other sources, Cleopatra took the initiative herself, recognizing in Caesar her only hope to regain the throne). Caesar deposed the co-regent, [Ptolemy XIII](https://www.worldhistory.org/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator/), and aligned himself with Cleopatra, igniting war between Caesar's legions and the [Egyptian](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Egyptian/) army. Besieged in the palace by the Egyptians under Achillas, Caesar and Cleopatra held out for six months until reinforcements arrived in March of 47 BCE and the Egyptian army was defeated.

Caesar and Cleopatra seemed to have become lovers shortly after meeting, perhaps even that very night, and he remained in Egypt with her nine months. The historian [Suetonius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Suetonius/) writes, he “often feasted with Cleopatra till daybreak and would have gone through Egypt with her in her royal barge almost to Ethiopia had not his soldiers threatened mutiny.” In 47 BCE, Cleopatra gave birth to a son, [Ptolemy](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Ptolemy/) Caesar (known as [Caesarion](https://www.worldhistory.org/caesarion/)) and proclaimed him her heir and successor to the throne.

At this time, Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, fomented rebellion in the east and Caesar rose to crush it. Leaving Cleopatra as ruler in Egypt, Caesar led his legions through [Asia Minor](https://www.worldhistory.org/Asia_Minor/), defeating the tribes and subjugating the people there, and then turned his attention to his enemies in Rome. At the battle of Thapsus (near modern Tunisia) Caesar's legions defeated the forces of the Optimate faction in 46 BCE and, in July of that year, he returned to Rome triumphant.

[ ![Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2737.jpg?v=1773346218) Julius Caesar Georges Jansoone (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2737/julius-caesar/ "Julius Caesar")### Egypt & the Roman Reforms

In Egypt, Cleopatra hoped Caesar would recognize and legitimize Caesarion as his son and heir. Caesar, however, named his grandnephew, Gaius Octavius Thurinus ([Octavian](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/)) heir. He did, however, bring Cleopatra, their son, and her entourage, to Rome and set them up comfortably in a home which he visited frequently, despite the fact that he was already married to Calpurnia. Although the senate seemed incensed by this indiscretion (as the bigamy laws in Rome were strictly enforced) Caesar was granted the title Dictator Perpetuus (dictator for life) in 44 BCE. Contrary to popular belief, he never held the title `emperor'.

He initiated many reforms including further land redistribution among the poor, land reform for veterans which eliminated the need to displace other citizens, as well as political reforms which proved unpopular with the senate. He ruled without regard to the senate, usually simply telling them which laws he wanted passed and how quickly, in an effort to consolidate and increase his own personal power. He reformed the calendar, created a police force, ordered the re-building of [Carthage](https://www.worldhistory.org/carthage/), and abolished the tax system, among many other pieces of legislation (of which quite a few were long-time Populare goals). His time as dictator is generally regarded as a prosperous one for Rome but the senators, and especially those among the Optimate faction, feared he was becoming too powerful and could soon abolish the senate entirely to rule absolutely as a king.

### Caesar's Death & Aftermath

On March 15, 44 BCE, Caesar was assassinated by the senators in the portico of the basilica of Pompey the Great. Among [the assassins](https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Assassins/) were [Marcus Junius Brutus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Junius_Brutus/), Caesar's second choice as heir, and [Gaius Cassius Longinus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus/), along with many others (some ancient sources cite as many as sixty assassins). Caesar was stabbed twenty three times and died at the base of Pompey's statue. The assassins, however, made the mistake of neglecting to plan what they would do following Caesar's death and, in so doing, mistakenly allowed [Marcus Antonius](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mark_Antony/) ([Mark Antony](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mark_Antony/)), Caesar's cousin and right-hand man, to live. [Mark](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Mark/) [Antony](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mark_Antony/) turned the tide of Roman popular opinion against the conspirators and, allied with Octavian, defeated the forces of Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of [Philippi](https://www.worldhistory.org/Philippi/) in 42 BCE.

Mark Antony later allied himself with Cleopatra VII of Egypt following the victory and, Octavian thought, presented a substantial threat to Rome. In time, the former allies went to war and met in final battle. Cleopatra's and Antony's forces were defeated by Octavian at the [Battle of Actium](https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Actium/) in 31 BCE and they killed themselves a year later. Following their deaths, Octavian ordered Cleopatra's son, Caesarion, murdered. After Octavian consolidated his power as the first emperor of Rome, he had Caesar deified and, as his adopted heir, proclaimed himself a son of [god](https://www.worldhistory.org/God/) and took the name [Augustus](https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/) Caesar, Emperor. In doing so, he initiated the end of the [Roman Republic](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Republic/) and the beginning of the [Roman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/).

#### Editorial Review

This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/).

## Bibliography

- [Durant, W. *Caesar and Christ.* Simon & Schuster, 1980.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0671115006/)
- [Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus. *The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Volume 01.* Public Domain Books, 2004.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/B000JQUNUC/)
- [Julius Caesar: Historical Background](http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html "Julius Caesar: Historical Background"), accessed 1 Dec 2016.
- [Lewis, J.E. *The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness Ancient Rome.* Running Press, 2003.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/078671168X/)
- [Scarre, C. *The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome.* Penguin Books, 1995.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0140513299/)

## About the Author

Joshua J. Mark is World History Encyclopedia's co-founder and Content Director. He was previously a professor at Marist College (NY) where he taught history, philosophy, literature, and writing. He has traveled extensively and lived in Greece and Germany.
- [Linkedin Profile](https://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-j-mark/38/614/339)

## Timeline

- **12 Jul 100 BCE - 15 Mar 44 BCE**: Life of Gaius [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/), founder of the [Roman Empire](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/).
- **c. 69 BCE - 12 Aug 30 BCE**: Life of [Cleopatra VII](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cleopatra_VII/) of [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/).
- **65 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) becomes [aedile](https://www.worldhistory.org/Aedile/) curule in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **60 BCE - 53 BCE**: [First Triumvirate](https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Triumvirate/)' between [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/), [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) and [Crassus](https://www.worldhistory.org/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus/).
- **58 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) attacks the Helvetii while on migration and defeats them.
- **58 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) invades [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/). [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) influence on the European tribes begins in earnest.
- **58 BCE - 51 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/)'s [conquest](https://www.worldhistory.org/warfare/) of [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/).
- **57 BCE**: A [Roman army](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Army/) under [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) narrowly defeats an army of Nervii, Atrebates, and Viromandui.
- **55 BCE - 54 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/)'s expeditions in [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/).
- **55 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) attempts to invade [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/).
- **54 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) successfully invades [Britain](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Britain/) but withdraws to [Gaul](https://www.worldhistory.org/gaul/).
- **54 BCE - 53 BCE**: [Ambiorix](https://www.worldhistory.org/ambiorix/) of the Eburones tribe destroys around 9,000 [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) soldiers at Atuatuca.
- **54 BCE - 29 BCE**: Forum of [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) constructed in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/) by [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) as another area to conduct judicial business. It is the best surviving of his monuments.
- **53 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) holds council of Gallic tribes in [Lutetia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Lutetia/).
- **52 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) is defeated at Gergovia by [Vercingetorix](https://www.worldhistory.org/vercingetorix/).
- **52 BCE**: After becoming trapped and besieged at Alesia, [Vercingetorix](https://www.worldhistory.org/vercingetorix/) surrenders to [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/).
- **51 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/)'s siege and capture of Uxellodunum ends the Gallic [War](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/).
- **49 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) captures [Brundisium](https://www.worldhistory.org/Brundisium/) in southern [Italy](https://www.worldhistory.org/italy/).
- **49 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) besieges [Massilia](https://www.worldhistory.org/massilia/).
- **49 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) crosses the [Rubicon](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Rubicon/). Civil [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) between Caesar and [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) begins.
- **48 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) defeats [Pompey](https://www.worldhistory.org/pompey/) ([Battle of Pharsalus](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/697/the-battle-of-pharsalus/)); Pompey flees to [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/) and is killed by courtiers of [Ptolemy XIII](https://www.worldhistory.org/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator/).
- **48 BCE**: [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) arrives in [Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/) and orders [Ptolemy XIII](https://www.worldhistory.org/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator/) and [Cleopatra VII](https://www.worldhistory.org/Cleopatra_VII/) to disband their armies, but instead, [war](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/War/) breaks out.
- **23 Jun 47 BCE**: Birth of [Cleopatra](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/cleopatra/)'s son, named [Caesarion](https://www.worldhistory.org/caesarion/); [Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/caesar/) is said to be the father.
- **c. 46 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) mints the largest quantity of [gold](https://www.worldhistory.org/gold/) coins ever seen in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **46 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) celebrates a quadruple [triumph](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Triumph/) in [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/).
- **44 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) founds the [Roman](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Roman/) colony of [Corinth](https://www.worldhistory.org/corinth/).
- **15 Mar 44 BCE**: [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/) is murdered.
- **29 BCE**: The [Temple](https://www.worldhistory.org/temple/) of Divus [Julius](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Julius/), dedicated to the deified [Julius Caesar](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/), is added to [Rome](https://www.worldhistory.org/Rome/)'s [Forum Romanum](https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Forum/).
- **47 CE - 50 CE**: Londinium (London) founded, roads constructed.

## External Links

- [The great conspiracy against Julius Caesar - Kathryn Tempest](http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-great-conspiracy-against-julius-caesar-kathryn-tempest)
- [Julius Caesar: Historical Background](http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html)
- [Julius Caesar: List of Scenes](http://shakespeare.mit.edu/julius_caesar/index.html)
- [The Internet Classics Archive](http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/caesar.html)
- [Works of Julius Caesar Index](http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/jcsr/index.htm)

## Cite This Work

### APA
Mark, J. J. (2011, April 28). Julius Caesar. *World History Encyclopedia*. [https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius\_Caesar/](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/)
### Chicago
Mark, Joshua J.. "Julius Caesar." *World History Encyclopedia*, April 28, 2011. [https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius\_Caesar/](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/).
### MLA
Mark, Joshua J.. "Julius Caesar." *World History Encyclopedia*, 28 Apr 2011, [https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius\_Caesar/](https://www.worldhistory.org/Julius_Caesar/).

## License & Copyright

Submitted by [Joshua J. Mark](https://www.worldhistory.org/user/JPryst/ "User Page: Joshua J. Mark"), published on 28 April 2011. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en). This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.