--- title: John Wesley Gilbert author: Prof. John W. I. Lee / Oxford University Press source: https://www.worldhistory.org/John_Wesley_Gilbert/ format: machine-readable-alternate updated: 2022-09-07 --- # John Wesley Gilbert _Authored by Prof. John W. I. Lee / Oxford University Press_ Born into slavery in rural Georgia, John Wesley Gilbert (1863-1923) rose to national prominence as a scholar, teacher, community leader, and Christian missionary. During 1890-91, he was the first African American member of the American School of Classical Studies at [Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athens/). He was among the first 50 Americans of any race, ethnicity, or background to conduct professional archaeological work in [Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/greece/). For much of the 20th century, Gilbert was best known for his 1911-1912 mission to the [Belgian Congo](https://www.worldhistory.org/Belgian_Congo/) with white bishop Walter Russell Lambuth of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South or MECS (the MECS has since become part of the United Methodist Church). Gilbert's 1890-1891 sojourn in Greece at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, in contrast, often received passing word but never serious study. In 2011, the newly founded Society of Black Archaeologists recognized Gilbert as the first professionally trained African American archaeologist. Today, he is often called "the first black archaeologist." Yet his life, and especially his year in Greece, has never received the in-depth exploration it deserves, until now. ### Lost Records No one was sure how the fire started. In the pre-dawn [hours](https://www.worldhistory.org/Horae/) of 3 August 1968, flames swept through Haygood Memorial Hall, the main building of historically black Paine College in Augusta, Georgia. Bystanders gathered to watch helplessly as the blaze climbed up, engulfing Haygood's famous clock tower, which for nearly 70 years had rung out the hours loud enough to be heard across town. The structure was still smoldering at sunrise. The clock tower stood but was too damaged to save and had to be pulled down. Inside was devastation. Though fireproof cabinets protected recent student records, the offices of Paine's president and vice president were destroyed, along with a priceless collection of African artifacts. Many of the school's early catalogues, newspapers, and other records also perished. #### Author Promotion [ ![The First Black Archaeologist by John W.I. Lee](https://www.worldhistory.org/template/files/text-replacements-images/book_first_black_archaeologist.jpg) ](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-first-black-archaeologist-9780197578995?utm_campaign=oupac-campaign:1350568266611279117&utm_source=third%20party&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=web+banner+link&utm_term=world+history+encyclopedia)### The First Black Archaeologist by John W.I. Lee *The First Black Archaeologist* reveals the untold story of a pioneering African American classical scholar, teacher, community leader, and missionary. Born into slavery in rural Georgia, John Wesley Gilbert traveled to Greece, western Europe, and the Belgian Congo and shaped our modern understanding of the ancient world. [Learn More](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-first-black-archaeologist-9780197578995?utm_campaign=oupac-campaign:1350568266611279117&utm_source=third%20party&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=web+banner+link&utm_term=world+history+encyclopedia) .sponsor.book img.key_art { box-shadow: none !important; } .button_container { margin-top: 1em; } .sponsor.book h3 { text-transform: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; } .sponsor_message { margin-left: 190px; font-family: Karla, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 140%; min-height: 200px; } .sponsor.book { padding: 20px; margin: 25px 0px; background-color: #f3f3f3; } .sponsor.book .key_art { margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; } .sponsor h4 { font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; color: #000; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Karla,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; padding: 0; } .sponsor_book_author { color: #999; margin: -10px 0px 20px; } @media (max-width: 1199px) { .sponsor.book .key_art { float: none; width: 100%; } .sponsor.book .sponsor_message { margin-left: 0px; } .sponsor.book h3 { margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { } The tragic loss of so much of Paine's historical record has hindered study of the school's history and especially of its first student, first graduate, first black faculty member, and perhaps most famous alumnus: John Wesley Gilbert. A series of floods and fires in Augusta between 1880 and 1920, which often hit black neighborhoods the hardest, had already wiped away much written evidence of his life. Anything that Gilbert's family hung on to after his [death](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/Death/) in 1923 began to disappear as his children scattered from Augusta, and he had no grandchildren to preserve heirloom papers. By 1968, Paine held the last surviving copies of many documents of Gilbert's career. ### Studies John Wesley Gilbert was born into slavery in rural Georgia in 1863. After Emancipation, young Gilbert had his first lessons in the segregated public schools of Augusta, Georgia. He then attended the Baptist-sponsored Augusta Institute and Atlanta Baptist Seminary (predecessors of Morehouse College), and in 1886 became the first graduate of Paine Institute (today Paine College), a cooperative foundation of white and black Methodists. From 1886-1888, Gilbert studied [Greek](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/greek/) and Latin at Brown University, becoming that school's third black graduate in 1888. He returned to Augusta, where he would teach at Paine until almost the end of his life. In 1890-91, he was able to go to Greece thanks to a fellowship from Brown University. Gilbert was the first African American and one of the first 50 Americans of any race, ethnicity, or background to attend the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Founded in 1881 by a consortium of American colleges and universities to foster the study of ancient [Greek literature](https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Literature/), history, art, and [archaeology](https://www.worldhistory.org/Archaeology/), the American School was the United States' first overseas research institution and is today an internationally recognized research and teaching center. Gilbert was among the very first Americans to do professional archaeological work in Greece – indeed, anywhere in the [Mediterranean](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/mediterranean/) and [Near East](https://www.worldhistory.org/Near_East/). [ ![American School of Classical Studies, Athens](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/13072.jpg?v=1645721102) American School of Classical Studies, Athens Konstantinos Tzortzinis and the ASCSA (CC BY-NC-SA) ](https://www.worldhistory.org/image/13072/american-school-of-classical-studies-athens/ "American School of Classical Studies, Athens")Gilbert was the first American scholar to write about the urban *demes* (neighbourhoods or districts) of Athens, a topic of fundamental importance to understanding [Athenian democracy](https://www.worldhistory.org/Athenian_Democracy/). His thesis on the demes won him a master's degree from Brown University, making him among the first African Americans to receive an advanced degree in classical studies. At Eretria, he took part in the widely publicized excavation of "the [tomb](https://www.worldhistory.org/tomb/) of [Aristotle](https://www.worldhistory.org/aristotle/)" and, more importantly, worked on one of the very first American archaeological and topographical surveys of an ancient site. In addition, Gilbert experienced Greece at a pivotal moment in the country's modern history, as European influence, railroads, the international market for commodities such as raisins and tobacco, and the beginnings of mass tourism were reshaping the country's [economy](https://www.worldhistory.org/disambiguation/economy/) and society. ### Legacy John Wesley Gilbert left an extraordinary legacy as scholar, teacher, community leader, civil rights activist, and missionary. In addition to his renown as "the first black archaeologist," his life and work touched many different aspects of the African American experience. Learning more about Gilbert opens the way to a better understanding of the enormous achievements of an entire generation of black students and educators in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, achievements that are too often overlooked today. #### Editorial Review This human-authored definition has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our [editorial policy](https://www.worldhistory.org/static/editorial-policy/). ## Bibliography - [Lee, John W.I. *The First Black Archaeologist.* Oxford University Press, 2022.](https://www.worldhistory.org/books/0197578993/) ## Timeline - **1863 CE - 1923 CE**: Life of [John Wesley Gilbert](https://www.worldhistory.org/John_Wesley_Gilbert/), the first black archaeologist. ## Cite This Work ### APA Press, P. J. W. I. L. /. O. U. (2022, February 23). John Wesley Gilbert. *World History Encyclopedia*. [https://www.worldhistory.org/John\_Wesley\_Gilbert/](https://www.worldhistory.org/John_Wesley_Gilbert/) ### Chicago Press, Prof. John W. I. Lee / Oxford University. "John Wesley Gilbert." *World History Encyclopedia*, February 23, 2022. [https://www.worldhistory.org/John\_Wesley\_Gilbert/](https://www.worldhistory.org/John_Wesley_Gilbert/). ### MLA Press, Prof. John W. I. Lee / Oxford University. "John Wesley Gilbert." *World History Encyclopedia*, 23 Feb 2022, [https://www.worldhistory.org/John\_Wesley\_Gilbert/](https://www.worldhistory.org/John_Wesley_Gilbert/). ## License & Copyright [![copyright source](/images/partners/oup-logo.svg)](https://global.oup.com/)This content is provided by [Oxford University Press](https://global.oup.com/) and republished with permission. All Rights Reserved.Original definition by [**Prof. John W. I. Lee / Oxford University Press**](https://global.oup.com/). 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