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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) was a Swiss philosopher whose work both praised and criticised the Enlightenment movement. Although a believer in the power of reason, science, and the arts, Rousseau was convinced that a flourishing culture...
Jacques Necker
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Jacques Necker

Jacques Necker (l. 1732-1804) was a Swiss banker and statesman who served as finance minister to King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792). He served in the king's ministry three separate times, tasked with navigating France through its dire...
Jacques-Pierre Brissot
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Jacques-Pierre Brissot

Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville (1754-1793) was a French journalist, abolitionist, and politician who played a prominent role in the French Revolution (1789-1799). A leader of the Girondins, a moderate political faction, Brissot was instrumental...
Jacques Offenbach
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Jacques Offenbach

Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880) was a composer of German birth who took French citizenship and became famous in Paris for his comic operettas, a genre he created, and for the more serious opera, The Tales of Hoffmann. A virtuoso cellist, conductor...
The Aztec New Fire Ceremony
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Aztec New Fire Ceremony

The New Fire Ceremony, also known as the Binding of the Years Ceremony, was a ritual held every 52 years in the month of November on the completion of a full cycle of the Aztec solar year (xiuhmopilli). The purpose of it was none other than...
Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville
Image by Jean-Baptiste Fouquet

Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville

Portrait of French revolutionary leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville (1754-1793), painting by Jean-Baptiste Fouquet, c. 1792. Palace of Versailles.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Portrait
Image by Maurice Quentin de La Tour 

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Portrait

A pastel portrait by Maurice Quentin de La Tour of the Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). (Musée Antoine-Lécuyer, Saint-Quentin, France)
Coalbrookdale by Night by Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg
Image by Science Museum, London

Coalbrookdale by Night by Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg

An 1801 oil on canvas painting, Coalbrookdale by Night, by Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg. The scene captures the Bedlam furnaces at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, England. (Science Museum, London)
Tomb of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Image by Baptiste Roussel

Tomb of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The tomb of the Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). Pantheon, Paris.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1766
Image by Allan Ramsay

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1766

A 1766 oil on canvas portrait by Allan Ramsay of the Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). (Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh)
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